国际法叶泉第五章.ppt

第五章 国际海洋法,第一节 概述Outlines第二节 内水Internal Waters第三节 领海及毗连区Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone第四节 用于国际航行的海峡与群岛水域Straits Used for International Navigation and Archipelagic Waters第五节 专属经济区与大陆架Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf第六节 公海High Seas第七节 国际海底区域International Sea-Bed Area,第一节 概述,一、国际海洋法的概念 国际海洋法是指关于各种海域的法律地位以及调整国家之间在海洋活动中发生的各种关系的原则、规则和制度的总称，是国际法的重要组成部分。,第一节 概述,二、国际海洋法的历史发展在古罗马时代，海洋被认为是“共有之物”，各国都有利用海洋的权利。随着罗马势力的扩张，出现了罗马统治者对海洋拥有管辖权的主张。进入中世纪后，封建君主如同对土地一样，也对海洋提出了领有权或者主权主张。进入资本主义发展时期，资本主义国家提出了打破海洋被各国封建君主割据的局面和海上自由航行的要求。1609年，荷兰法学家格老秀斯为反对西班牙对东印度贸易的垄断，发表了海洋自由论，提出了海洋自由原则。至19世纪上半叶，法、英、美、俄等当时的大国都接受了海洋自由原则，公海制度由此形成。同时，由沿海国对其沿岸一带狭窄海域行使主权的领海制度也逐渐得到了国际社会的普遍认可。第二次世界大战之后，国际海洋法发生了革命性的变革，沿海国对管辖权不再局限于领海，而是扩展到了原先实行公海制度的广阔海域。海洋法的变革突出的表现在大陆架、专属经济区、国际海底区域等新的海洋法律制度的出现。,第一节 概述,三、国际海洋法的编纂The First UN Conference on the Law of the Sea:Held in Geneva in 1958,86 states participation,adopted four Conventions:(1)the Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone;(2)the Convention on the Continental Shelf;(3)the Convention on Fishing and the Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Sea;(4)the Convention on the High Sea.The Second UN Conference on the Law of the Sea:Held in Geneva in 1960,trying to settle the question of the breadth of territorial sea,but failed because of the irreconcilable economic,political and military conflicts among the States on the Oceans.The Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea：Convened in New York in1973,lasted 9 years,167 nations participating.On April 30 1982,the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was adopted by voting.UNCLOS III experience has been described as“the largest,most technically complex,continuous negotiation attempted in modern times”.,第一节 概述,国际海域划分,第二节 内水,一、内水的概念和法律地位内水(internal waters)是指一国领海基线以内的一切水域，包括湖泊、河流及其河口、内海、港口、海湾等；对于群岛国而言，是指其群岛水域内河口、海湾、港口封闭线以内的水域。内水和陆地领土一样，是国家领土的组成部分，国家对其拥有完全的、排他的主权。非经许可，外国船舶和飞机不得进入一国内水并在其中航行或进行捕鱼等其他活动。The coastal state is free to set laws,regulate use,and use any resource.Foreign vessels have no right of passage within internal waters.In general,a coastal state may exercise its jurisdiction over foreign ships within its internal waters to enforce its laws,although the judicial authorities of the flag state may also act where crimes have occurred on board ship.在使用直线基线法确定领海基线，而使原来不是内水的区域被包围在成为内水的情况下，在这种水域内，外国船舶享有无害通过权。,第二节 内水,二、海湾海湾(bays)一般是指海洋伸入陆地形成明显水曲的水域，其海岸可能属于一国或多国。当海湾海岸仅为一国陆地的情况下，海湾是指其面积等于或大于横越曲口所画直线为直径的半圆形的面积的水曲。A bay is a well-marked indentation An indentation shall not,however,be regarded as a bay unless its area is as large as,or larger than,that of the semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation.在海湾天然入口两端之间的距离不超过24海里的情况下，沿岸国可在这两端之间划出一条封口线，线内所包围的水域为该国的内水。这条线也就是沿岸国的直线领海基线。如果入口两端之间的距离超过24海里，则该24海里直线基线应划在海湾内以划入该线所可能划入的最大水域。Where the distance between the law-water marks of the natural entrance points of a bay exceeds 24 nautical miles,a straight baseline of 24 nautical miles shall be drawn within the bay in such a manner as to enclose the maximum area of water that is possible with a line of that length.,第二节 内水,三、港口 港口(Ports)：海岸线或河流上具有天然条件或人工设备，用于船舶停泊和装卸客货的地方。港口属于港口国国内水的一部分。For the purpose of delimiting the territorial sea,the outermost permanent harbor works which from an integral part of the harbor system are regarded as forming part of the coast.Offshore installations and artificial islands shall not be considered as permanent harbor works.,第三节 领海及毗连区,一、领海的概念 领海(territorial sea)是指沿海国陆地领土和内水以外邻接的处于其主权之下的一带海域；对于群岛国而言，是指群岛水域以外邻接的、处于群岛国主权之下的一带海域。Territorial sea refers to a belt of sea adjacent to the coastal State over which the coastal State enjoys sovereignty and jurisdiction subject to certain conditions imposed by the rules of international law.,第三节 领海及毗连区,二、领海的界限(一)领海的宽度 历史上，曾经出现过许多关于确定领海宽度的主张和方法，主要有航程说(sailing limit)、视力说(the range of vision)和大炮射程说(cannon-shot)。其中大炮射程说对国家的影响较大。根据联合国海洋法公约规定，每一个国家有权确定其领海宽度，直至从按照本公约确定的基线量起不超过12海里的界限为止。Every State has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles,measured from baselines determined in accordance with this Convention.,第三节 领海及毗连区,二、领海的界限(二)领海基线领海基线(baseline)是指作为测定领海宽度的起算线，划分一国领海与海岸或内水的界限的测量线。以基线为准，向陆地一面的海域是内水，向海洋一面的海域是领海。基线可以分为正常基线、直线基线、混合基线三种。正常基线：又称自然基线，正常基线就是海水退潮时退到距离海岸最远的那条线，即沿岸的低潮线，一般用于海岸线平直的情况。Normal baseline:The normal baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the low water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by the coastal State.,第三节 领海及毗连区,二、领海的界限(二)领海基线正常基线：又称自然基线，正常基线就是海水退潮时退到距离海岸最远的那条线，即沿岸的低潮线，一般用于海岸线平直的情况。Normal baseline:The normal baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the low water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by the coastal State.,高潮线,低潮线,第三节 领海及毗连区,二、领海的界限(二)领海基线直线基线则是连接海岸向海突出处和近岸岛屿（所谓近岸岛屿是指离其本国的领海基线不超过12海里的岛屿）外缘上的定点的直线，一般适用于海岸线比较曲折的情况。,适用直线基线法的限制：（1）不应在任何明显的程度上偏离海岸的一般方向；（2）基线内的海域必须充分接近陆地领土，使其受内水制度的支配；（3）一国不得采用直线基线制度，致使另一国的领海同公海或专属经济区隔断。,第三节 领海及毗连区,二、领海的界限(三)领海的外部界限 外部界限：一条其每一点同领海基线最近点的距离等于领海宽度的线。这条线是领海与毗连区、专属经济区或公海的分界线。The outer limit of the territorial sea is the line every point of which is at a distance from the nearest point of the baseline equal to the breadth of the territorial sea.,第三节 领海及毗连区,三、领海的法律制度(一)沿海国对领海的主权 领海属于国家领土，沿海国对领海享有主权，这一主权及于领海的上空、水域及其海床和底土。不过这一权利受到一定程度的限制，外国船舶在领海内享有无害通过权。沿海国的领海主权主要表现在以下方面：(1)沿海国对其领海享有属地优越权，因而对领海内的人和事物行使排他的管辖权；(2)沿海国对其领海内的一切资源享有专属权利，任何外国或个人非经允许不得进行开发利用；(3)沿海国对其领海上空享有专属权利，外国航空器非经允许不得飞入或飞越该国领海上空；(4)沿海国享有沿海航运的专属权利；(5)沿海国有制定、颁布有关领海内航行、缉私、移民、卫生等方面的法律和规章的权利。,第三节 领海及毗连区,三、领海的法律制度(二)外国船舶的无害通过权（right of innocent passage）无害通过权：是指外国的船舶可以在不损害沿海国和平、安全或良好秩序的原则下通过一国领海的权利。通过是指穿过领海但不进入内水，或从内水驶出或驶入内水的航行。航行必须的继续不停和迅速进行。Foreign Vessels were given the right of innocent passage through any territorial waters.Ships of all States,whether coastal or land-locked,enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.Passage shall be continuous and expeditious.However,passage includes stopping and anchoring,but only in so far as the same are incidental to ordinary navigation or are rendered necessary by force majeure or distress or for the purpose of rendering assistance to persons,ships or aircraft in danger or distress.Passage is innocent so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace,good order or security of the coastal State.Such passage shall take place in conformity with this Convention and with other rules of international law.,第三节 领海及毗连区,三、领海的法律制度(三)领海内的管辖权潜水艇在通过一国领海时，必须在海面航行并须展示其国旗。In the territorial sea,submarines and other underwater vehicles are required to navigate on the surface and to show their flag.对于外国军舰是否同商船一样享有无害通过领海的权利问题，国际上存在争论，各国的实践也不一致。1992年我国领海及毗连区法第6条规定：“外国军用舰艇进入中华人民共和国领海，须经中华人民共和国政府批准。”,第三节 领海及毗连区,三、领海的法律制度(二)外国船舶的无害通过权（right of innocent passage）沿海国一般不在通过其领海的外国船舶上行使刑事管辖权，除非：（1）罪行的后果及于沿海国；（2）罪行属于扰乱当地安宁或领海的良好秩序；（3）经船长或船旗国外交代表或领事官员请求；（4）为取缔违反贩运麻醉药品或精神条理物资所必要。沿海国对通过其领海的外国船舶的民事管辖权也受到一定限制。它不应为对外国船舶上某人行使民事管辖权的目的而停止船舶的航行或改变其航向，也不得为任何民事诉讼的目的而对船舶从事执行或逮捕，但涉及该船舶在通过沿海国水域的航行中或为该航行的目的而承担的义务或因而负担的责任，则不在此限。,第三节 领海及毗连区,四、毗连区(一)毗连区的概念与宽度 毗连区（contiguous zone）：领海以外邻接领海，沿海国在其中对特定事项行使必要管制的一带海域。毗连区的宽度为从领海基线量起，不得超过24海里。The contiguous zone may not extend beyond 24 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.(二)毗连区的法律地位 按照海洋法公约的规定，各沿海国可在其毗连区内对海关、财政、移民和卫生等事项行使必要的管制，以防止并惩治外国船舶在其领土或领海外内违反有关这些事项的法律和规章的行为。,第三节 领海及毗连区,四、毗连区(二)毗连区的法律地位 按照海洋法公约的规定，各沿海国可在其毗连区内对海关、财政、移民和卫生等事项行使必要的管制，以防止并惩治外国船舶在其领土或领海外内违反有关这些事项的法律和规章的行为。In a zone contiguous to its territorial sea,described as the contiguous zone,the coastal State may exercise the control necessary to:(a)prevent infringement of its customs,fiscal,immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea;(b)punish infringement of the above laws and regulations committed within its territory or territorial sea.,第四节 用于国际航行的海峡与群岛水域,一、用于国际航行海峡的概念 用于国际航行的海峡(straits used for international navigation)：在公海或专属经济区的一个部分和公海或专属经济区的另一部分或外国领海之间用于国际航行的海峡，或其通过全部或部分地为长期存在、现行有效的专门国际条约规定的海峡。依其适用的通过制度，用于国际航行的海峡可分为：适用过境通行制度的海峡、适用无害通过制度的海峡、适用自由航行制度的海峡以及适用专门条约制度的海峡。Straits used for international navigations:are straits which are used for international navigation between one part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone and another part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone.,第四节 用于国际航行的海峡与群岛水域,二、用于国际航行海峡的法律地位和通过制度(一)过境通行制度 过境通行(transit passage)：专为在连接公海或专属经济区一个部分与公海或专属经济区另一部分的海峡以继续不停和迅速过境(continuous and expeditious transit)的目的而行使航行和飞越自由(freedom of navigation and overflight)。船舶和飞机在行使过境通行权时应遵守如下义务：(1)毫不迟疑地(without delay)通过或飞越海峡；(2)不对海峡沿岸国的主权、领土完整或政治独立进行任何武力威胁或使用武力；(3)除因不可抗力遇难外，不从事其通过所附带发生的活动以外的任何活动；(4)船舶应遵守一般接受的关于海上安全的国际规章、程序和惯例；(5)飞机应遵守国际民用航空组织制定的适用于民用飞机的航空规则。,第四节 用于国际航行的海峡与群岛水域,二、用于国际航行海峡的法律地位和通过制度(二)过境通行制度的例外(1)在公海或专属经济区的一部分和外国领海之间的用于国际航行的海峡；(2)虽为连接公海或专属经济区的一部分和公海或专属经济区的另一部分之间用于国际航行的海峡，但该海峡是由海峡沿岸国的一个岛屿和该国大陆形成，而且该岛向海一面有在航行和水文特征方面(navigational and hydrographical characteristics)同样方便(similar convenience)的一条穿过公海或专属经济区的航道；(3)穿过某一用于国际航行的海峡有在航行和水文特征方面同样方便的一条穿过公海或专属经济区的航道。在前两类用于国际航行的海峡中，适用于无害通过制度；在后一类海峡中，适用航行与飞越自由制度。,第四节 用于国际航行的海峡与群岛水域,二、用于国际航行海峡的法律地位和通过制度(二)过境通行制度的例外,2.适用无害通过制度 innocent passage,1.实行航行和飞越自由free passage,领海,领海,公海或专属经济区,领海,领海,公海或专属经济区,领海,第四节 用于国际航行的海峡与群岛水域,三、群岛国与群岛基线 群岛国是指全部由一个或多个群岛构成的国家，并可包括其他岛屿。这里的群岛是指一群岛屿，包括若干岛屿的若干部分、相连的水域或其他自然地形，彼此密切相关，以致这种岛屿、水域和其他自然地形在本质上构成一个地理、经济和政治的实体，或在历史上已被视为这种实体。Archipelago means a group of islands,including parts of island,interconnecting waters and other natural features which are so closely interrelated that such islands,waters and other natural features form an intrinsic geographical,economic and political entity,or which historically have been regarded as such.Archipelagic State means a State constituted wholly by one or more archipelagos and may include other islands.,第四节 用于国际航行的海峡与群岛水域,三、群岛国与群岛基线群岛国的领海、毗连区、专属经济区和大陆架的宽度从群岛基线(archipelagic baseline)量起。但是，群岛基线的划定受下列条件的限制：(1)这种基线应包括主要的岛屿和一个区域，在该区域中，水域面积和陆地面积的比例应在1：1到9：1之间；(2)这种基线的长度不应超过100海里，但围绕任何群岛的基数总数中至多3%可超过该长度，最长以125海里为限；(3)这种基线的划定不应在任何明显的程度上偏离的一般轮廓；(4)群岛国不应采用一种基线制度，致使另一国的领海同公海或专属经济区隔断。Archipelagic baselines:An archipelagic State may draw straight archipelagic baselines joining the outermost points of the outermost islands of the archipelago provided that within such baselines are included the main islands and an area in which the ratio of the area of the water to the area of the land,including atolls,is between 1 to 1 and 9 to 1.The length of such baselines shall not exceed 100 nautical miles,except that up to 3 percent of the total number of baselines enclosing any archipelago may exceed that length,up to a maximum length of 125 nautical miles.,第四节 用于国际航行的海峡与群岛水域,四、群岛水域的法律地位群岛水域(archipelagic waters)是指群岛国(archipelagic state)按照联合国海洋法公约规定的方法划定的群岛基线所包围的水域。群岛水域具有特殊的法律地位，群岛国的主权及于群岛水域及其上空、海床和底土以及其中的资源。同时，所有国家的船舶均享有通过群岛水域的无害通过权。群岛水域的通过，有无害通过权和群岛海道通过权（right of archipelagic sea lanes passage）两种。所有国家的船舶均享有通过除群岛国国内水界限以外的群岛水域的无害通过权。群岛国可在群岛水域内指定适当的穿过群岛水域和邻接的领海的海道和其上空的空中航道，即“群岛海道”(archipelagic sea lanes)。,第五节 专属经济区与大陆架,第五节 专属经济区与大陆架,一、专属经济区 专属经济区(exclusive economic zone)是领海以外并邻接领海、自领海基线量起宽度不超过200海里的海洋区域，这一区域的法律地位既不同于领海，也不同于公海，而是自成一类的国家管辖海域。A maritime zone adjacent to the territorial sea that may not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the territorial baselines,within which the coastal state has sovereign rights and jurisdiction for the natural resources.Other states may,however,exercise traditional high seas freedoms of navigation,overflight,the laying of submarine cables and pipelines,and related freedoms,such as conducting military exercises in the EEZ.,第五节 专属经济区与大陆架,二、专属经济区的法律地位(一)沿海国在专属经济区内的权利和义务 Rights:(1)sovereign rights of natural resources:exploring and exploiting,conserving and managing,living or non-living,the waters superjacent to the seabed,seabed and its subsoil.(2)the establishment and use of artificial islands,installations and structures;(3)marine scientific research;(4)the protection of the marine environment;(5)other rights provided for in this Convention.Duties:(1)the coastal State shall have due regard to the rights and duties of other States;(2)ensure the maintenance of the living resources is not endangered by over exploitation.,第五节 专属经济区与大陆架,二、专属经济区的法律地位(二)其他国家的权利和义务 Rights:All States,whether coastal or land-locked,enjoy the freedoms of(1)navigation(2)overflight(3)laying of submarine cables and pipelines(4)other internationally lawful uses related to these freedoms.Duties:Other states shall have due regard to the rights and duties of the coastal State,and shall comply with the laws and regulations adopted by the coastal State.,第五节 专属经济区与大陆架,三、海岸相向或相 邻国家间专属经济区的划界 1.The delimitation of the exclusive economic zone between Stats with opposite or adjacent coasts shall be effected by agreement on the basis of international law,as referred to in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice,in order to achieve an equitable solution.2.If on agreement can be reached within a reasonable period of time,the States concerned,shall resort to the procedures provided for in Part XV.3.Pending agreement as provided for in paragraph 1,the States concerned,in a spirit of understanding and cooperation,shall make every effort to enter in to provisional arrangements of a practical nature,and during this transitional period,not to jeopardize or hamper the reaching of the final agreement.Such arrangements shall be without prejudice to the final delimitation.4.Where there is agreement in force between the Stats concerned,questions relating to the delimitation of the exclusive economic zone shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of that agreement.,第五节 专属经济区与大陆架,四、大陆架的概念 大陆架(continental shelf)原是地质地理学上的概念，通常是指从大陆海岸向外自然延伸直至大陆坡的坡度比较平缓的海底区域。Truman Proclamation on the Continental Shelf Proclamation:“the Government of the United States regards the natural resources of the subsoil and sea bed of the continental shelf beneath the high seas but contiguous to the coasts of the United States as appertaining to the United States,subject to its jurisdiction and control.In cases where the continental shelf extends to the shores,of another State,or is shared with an adjacent State,the boundary shall be determined by the United States and the State concerned in accordance with equitable principles.The character as high seas of the waters above the continental shelf and the right to their free and unimpeded navigation are in no way thus affected.”,第五节 专属经济区与大陆架,四、大陆架的概念 依据海洋法公约的规定，沿海国的大陆架包括其领海以外依其陆地领土的全部自然延伸，扩展到大陆边缘的海底区域的海床和底土。就确定大陆架的外部界限而言，海洋法公约规定了两种情况。第一种情况是，如果从测算领海宽度的基线量起到大陆边的外缘的距离不到200海里，则扩展到200海里的距离。第二种情况是，如果全部自然延伸超过200海里，则以最外各定点为准划定界限，或者以离大陆坡脚的距离不超过60海里的各定点为基准划定界限，但无论如何，不应超过从测算领海宽度的基线量起350海里，或不应超过2500米等深线外100海里。The continental shelf of a coastal State comprises the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the continental margin,or to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of t