定语从句翻译.ppt
定语从句的翻译一般地，定语从句的翻译有合译法、分译法和混译法。在这里，我们主要详细介绍合译法和分译法。一、合译法：合译法通常用于句式较短的情况，主要以限制性定语从句为主。在英译汉时，一般将其译成“的”字结构，有时也将定语部分译成谓语、兼语句的一部分或带有“这”字句的简单句。,1译成定语“的”字结构,这是最为常见的一种英译汉的方式，翻译成中文时，将定语部分放在被修饰名词的前面。例1：He is not the one who will give up easily.译文：他不是一个轻易服输的人。例2：Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing.译文：我们两国是友谊长存的友好邻邦。,2译成谓语（1）,当定语从句是存在句，尤其是在“there be结构”和它的变体结构、以及在“it be+主语+定语从句”的结构中，定语从句的谓语在意义上也是整个主句的谓语，因此在英译汉时可将其译为主谓结构的简单句。例1：There were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month.译文：在那群人中，有的人每天都站在那里，站了一个月。例2：There have been good results in the experiments that have given him grate encouragement.译文：实验中的良好结果给了他莫大的鼓励。,2译成谓语（2）,另外，有些定语从句英译汉时要需要将主句压缩成主语，而将定语从句译成谓语，融合为一个句子。例1：We have a social and political system that differed in many respects from your own.译文：我们的社会和政治体制在很多方面都与贵国的不一样。例2：We used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity.译文：我们驾驶的飞机几乎每个部件都有国籍的某些标志。,3译成兼语句的一部分,当先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，即先行词在逻辑上与定语从句中的动词构成主谓或动宾关系时，就可采用此方法使两个分句融为一体。例1：I need someone who can instruct me in my English study.译文：我需要一个人来指导我学习英语。例句2：When I passed by,I saw a man who was quarreling with his wife.译文：当我经过时，我看到一个人和他的妻子在吵架。,4译成连动式的一部分,为了行文方便，有时候在英译汉时就需要把主句、从句中的动词连起来一起翻译，从而使句子显得连贯，符合汉语的表达习惯。例1：He took out a bottle of wine out of his pocket,which he began to drink slowly.译文：他从衣兜里掏出一瓶酒慢慢地喝起来。例2：We will send the boy to Britain,where he can receive better education.译文：我们将要把这个孩子送到英国去接受更好的教育。,5译成“这”字句,有时，关系代词并不仅仅只是指代先行词，它还指代前面整个句子的内容。这时，我们一般将其译成“这”或“这一点”。例1：He admired Mrs.Brown,which surprises me most.译文：他钦佩布朗太太，这使我大为惊讶。例2：She was very patient towards the children,which her husband seldom was.译文：她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。,二、分译法：分译法是指将主句和从句分开翻译的一种方法，主要用于较长的非限制性定语从句里。采用这种方法可避免句子的冗长和累赘。这种方法一般采用主句在前，从句在后的翻译形式，将句子翻译成两个相对独立的小分句。严格地说，合译法中的第5点（译成“这”字句）也属于这种翻译方法。,1译出关系代词或关系副词,根据逻辑的需要，在翻译前，我们首先应该弄清关系词所指代的内容，进而按照先行词的词义来进行翻译。例1:He has learned French,which he thinks is the most beautiful language in the world.译文：他学过法语，他认为法语是世界上最美的语言。例2:This is a college of science and technology,the students of which are trained to be engineers or scientists.译文：这是一所科技大学，该校学生将被培养成工程师或科学工作者。,另外，在英语中常常会把需要强调的内容放于句首，而汉语中却习惯把附加性说明的定语部分翻译为前置型的并列分句，以求在形式上突出主句的内容。例1:She suddenly thought of her husband,who had left her and their children behind and had never been heard of.译文：他丈夫早就抛弃了妻儿一直杳无音信，现在她突然想起了他。例2:The men suddenly awakened to the fact that there were beauty and significance in these trifles,which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet.译文：以前，它们一直被这些人漫不经心地踩在脚下，现在这些人突然意识到这些小玩意儿的美丽和意义了。,2不翻译关系代词或关系副词,有些定语从句表面上是非限制性定语从句，但在意义上却已经和主句融为了一体。在翻译时，应该将引导定语从句的关系词省略，从而使句子的意思显得更为连贯。例1:After dinner,the four key negotiators resumed their talks,which continued well into the night.译文：晚饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。例2:His wife,Betty,is Shanghai-born Chinese who left China at the age of eight,and whose book“Moon”,tells of her sisters life in China.译文：他妻子贝蒂是一位出生在上海的华人，八岁离开中国，写过本名叫月的书，记叙了她妹妹在中国的生活。,3译成相对独立的小分句,有些定语从句在修饰关系上与先行词之间关系显得较为疏远，这时，我们通常会将定语从句译成独立的句子。例1:One was a violent thunderstorm,the worst I had ever seen,which obscured my objective.译文：有一次暴风骤雨，猛烈的程度实在是我平生所鲜见的。这场暴风雨遮住了我的目标。例2:Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully,which showed that the computations were accurate.译文：但是问题还是圆满地解决了，这说明计算是很精确的。,4.译成状语从句（1）,例1：These actions,which have aroused universal and unreserved disapproval,must nevertheless give us a pause.译文：这些行动，虽已激起普遍而毫不掩饰的反对，却也使我们举棋不定。（表让步）例2：In a dispute between two states with which one is friendly,try not to get involved.译文：在两国发生争端时，如与该两国皆友好，则应避免卷入。（表条件）。例3：Copper,which is used so widely for carrying electricity,offers very little resistance.译文：铜的电阻很小，因此被广泛用于输电。（表结果）例4：Chaplin,whose mother was ill for many years,had to dance in streets to earn money.译文：由于母亲病了好多年，卓别林不得不到街头表演去挣钱。（表示原因）,4.译成状语从句（2）,例5：But the Southern States wanted to set up a country of their own,where they would be free to keep black slaves.译文：但是南方各州却想建立他们自己的国家，以便在那里他们可以随心所欲地继续把黑人当作奴隶。（表示目的）例6：He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.译文：他做了一架望远镜，使他能够研究天空。（表示结果）例7：Anyone who wants to can go for a walk.译文：谁想去散步就可以去。（表示条件）例8：He insisted on buying another house,which he had no use for.译文：他坚持再买一幢房子，尽管他并无此需要。（表示让步）,
