汉语习语的翻译.ppt

第五章 汉语习语的翻译,2014.3,Teaching aims:1.To learn about the similarities and differences of Chinese and English idioms2.To learn about the connotation of idioms and translation methods and techniquesMain Language points:parative studies of idioms2.methods,techniques and strategies of translation,Teaching references:1 孙致礼.新编英汉翻译教程M.上外教出版社；彭长江.英汉汉英翻译教程M.湖南师大出版社；2 冯伟年，最新简明英语翻译教程M，世界图书出版公司，20013 陈宏薇，新编汉英翻译教程M.上海外语教育出版社，20044 张培基.英汉翻译教程 M.上海外语教育出版社，19835 包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译M.中国对外翻译出版公司，20016 冯庆华.实用翻译教程M.上海外语教育出版社，19977 江峰,丁丽军.实用翻译M.北京.电子 工业 出版社,2005.P988 陈文伯.英汉成语对比与翻译M.北京.世界知识出版社.2005.P226-227,Teaching methods:Analysis and PracticeTime arrangement:4 periods,Section One Translation of English Idioms,习语是经过长时间的使用而提炼出来的固定短语或短句，是人民智慧的结晶。习语大都具有鲜明的形象，适宜于用来比喻事物，因而往往带有浓厚的民族和地方色彩。习语有的意思明显；有的含蓄，意在言外，可引起丰富的联想；有的可能包含几个意思，必须根据上下文的具体情况来明确它的意义。习语即是语言的重要修辞手段，同时其本身也是各种修辞手段的集中表现。不少习语前后对称，音节优美，韵律协调。,由于习语具有这些特点，翻译时就要尽量保持这些特点。译者除了忠实地表达原文习语的意义外，还应尽可能保持原文习语的形象比喻、丰富联想、修辞效果以及其民族、地方特色等。习语不仅大量出现在文艺作品里，在政治和科学论文中也同样经常遇到。习语翻译的好坏对整个译文的质量有直接的影响。因此，如何处理习语是翻译中的一个极为重要的问题。从广义上讲，习语包括俗语（colloquialisms)、谚语(proverbs)、俚语(slang expressions)、成语(set phrases)、歇后语（enigmatic folk similes）、典故（allusions）、格言(sayings)、惯用语等。首先介绍英语习语及其翻译。,准确的翻译习语,要求我们要有深厚的文学修养和文化基础,要多读有关中西方的历史、风俗习惯、地理等方面的书籍。在阅读中积累知识,以便更好地进行翻译，翻译更需要在实践中进行检验,另外还需要译者间的相互交流。,1、汉语习语的概念与特点 习语是劳动人民长期沿袭使用的定型词组或短语。习语一般具有结构严谨，形式简练，含义精辟，形象鲜明，表达生动等特点，因而为人们所喜闻乐用，广为流传。汉语习语在广义上包括成语、俗语、谚语、歇后语、格言和方言等，类别繁多，民族特色突出。正因为如此，习语的翻译也比较复杂。,1）汉语四字词组的特点与翻译四字词组通常有四个要素构成，通常分为前后两部分。两部分之间的语法关系可以是主谓、动宾、偏正或并列关系。因此，四字词组又可分为主谓词组、动宾词组、偏正词组和联合词组。,直译法直译的优势是能够比较完整地保留汉语四字词组的比喻形象、民族色彩和语言风格。但直译必须以不引起译文读者的误解和不违背译文表达习惯为前提。直译法举例：,（1）处理人民内部的矛盾，必须坚持和风细雨的方法，坚持“团结批评团结”的方法。It is essential to persist in using methods as mild as drizzle and as gentle as breeze,and to adhere to the formula of“unitycriticismunity”,in dealing with contradictions among the people.,(2)他偷鸡不着蚀把米。He tried to steal a chicken only to end up losing the rice./He went for wool and come back shorn.(shorn:past participle of shear-cut off wool from sheep),(3)“他一家子在这儿，他的房子、地在这儿，他跑？跑了和尚跑不了庙。”（俗语）（周立波暴风骤雨）“Escape?But his home and property cant escape.“The monk may run away,but the temple cant run with him”.,(4)咳，这一来，竹篮子打水一场空了！(歇后语）（梁斌红旗谱）Ah!We were drawing water in a bamboo basket.,（5）所以这李执虽然青春丧偶，且处于高粱锦绣之中，竟如“槁木死灰”一般，一概不问。So this young widow living in the lap of luxury was no better off than withered wood or cold ashes,taking no interest in the outside world.,意译法 意译主要是指翻译时抓住原文内容和寓意这一重要方面，牺牲形象结合上下文比较灵活地传达原义。,（1）刘雨生回到乡政府，把老谢的话，一五一十，告诉了邓秀枚和李月琴。（习语）（周立波山乡巨变）,When Liu Yusheng got back to the township government,he recounted everything Lao Xie said in detail to Deng Xiumei and Li Yuhui.,(2)他竟干些偷鸡摸狗的事。He always does things stealthily./He has illicit relations with women.,（3）他讲起话来总是眉飞色舞。He always beams with joy when speaking.,(4)她怕碰一鼻子灰，话到嘴边，她又把它吞了下去。（矛盾子夜）She was afraid of being snubbed,so she swallowed the words that came to her lips.,(5)运涛好久不来信了，一家子盼了星星盼月亮。（梁斌红旗谱）For many months no letter came from Yuntao till his whole family worried over him day and night.,(6)我要有个三长两短，你给玉山捎个话！（杜鹏程保卫延安）If anything should happen to me,let Yushan know!,节译法在汉语习语中，常有并列对偶结构，用两个不同的喻体表达相同的喻意。例如“取之不尽用之不竭”，铜墙铁壁“等。对此类习语可采用节译法，即省去并列重复的部分，保留它的基本喻意。,（1）冷淡的阳光照着他们的愁眉苦脸和长发白眼。（曲波林海雪原）The cold,pale sunlight fell on their gloomy faces,long hair and lusterless eyes.,（2）忽然有人在牡丹亭畔，长吁短叹。（罗贯中三国演义）Suddenly he heard a rustle in the peony pavilion and someone sighing deeply(rustle:make slight sounds like paper,dry leaves,silk,etc.moving or being rubbed together沙沙作响）,（3）最可恶的是行里的同人背后骂我是老糊涂，瞎了眼，叫一个不学无术的三等货来做我的襄理。（曹禹日出What is most detestable is that all my colleagues in the bank call me a blind old fool behind my back because I have engaged an uneducated third-rater as my assistant.,(4)“这断子绝孙的啊Q”!远远地听得小尼姑的带哭的声音。（鲁迅啊Q正传）“Ah Q,may you die sonless!”sounded the little nuns voice tearfully in the distance.,借用英语中的同义习语（1）只有大胆地破釜沉舟地跟他们斗，也许有翻身的那一天。All you can do is to burn your boats and fight them in the hope that one day youll come out on top.,2）我没想到他对同志们的批评竟充耳不闻。I didnt expect him to turn a deaf ear to the comrades criticism.,(3)你不该在这儿喝酒，不过我愿意(对此事)睁一只眼闭一只眼。You shouldnt really drink here,but Im willing to turn a blind eye(to it).,(4)我叫孩子们上床睡觉，可他们把我的话当耳边风，还留在这里不动。I told the children to go to bed,but it went in one ear and out the other,and theyre still here.（,(5)快告诉我们发生了什么，我们正洗耳恭听呢。Tell us what happened;were all ears!,直译和意译兼用法（1）她一个单身人，无亲无故。(曹禹雷雨）She was all by herself and far from home,without a single relative or friend to help her.,2）王冕一路风餐露宿，九十里大站、七十里小站，一径来到山东济南府地方。（吴敬梓儒林外史,Braving the wind and dew,Wang Mian traveled day after day past large posting station and small one till he came to the city of Jinan.(brave:to face or risk facing danger,pain,or trouble without showing fear)(eg.He braved his parents displeasure by marrying her.不顾父母的不满）,（3）我说二三百两银子，你说二三十两！“戴着斗笠亲嘴，差着一帽子”！（吴敬梓儒林外史）When I say two or three hundred yinzi,you say twenty or thirty!Its like kissing in straw helmets-the lips are far apart!,直译加注一般用于含有典故的汉语习语。（1）司马昭之心，固已路人皆知。（毛泽东选集二卷）This Sima Zhaos trick is obvious to every man in the street.(Sima Zhao was a prime minister of Wei(220-256)who nursed a secret ambition to usurp the throne.The emperor once remarked:“Sima Zhaos intention is obvious to every man in the street.”),(2)穷棒子闹翻身，是八仙过海，各显其能（周立波暴风骤雨）The way we poor folks try to emancipate ourselves,is just like the way the Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talent(注：The Eight Fairies are the eight immortals of Taoism in Chinese folklore.),2）谚语的特点与翻译谚语就是对各种生活现象进行综合概括并在群众中广泛流传运用的语言。这些谚语的极大部分是劳动人民对长期生活经验的科学总结。英语和汉语的谚语都有这样的特点：比喻生动，寓意深刻，用词精练，没有一个多余的词，单句讲究韵律，双句讲究对仗，文体非常口语化，便于记忆流传。如何翻译谚语？是直译还是意译？这完全取决于谚语的语言特点和文化背景。直译法,（1）明枪易躲，暗箭难防。It is easy to dodge a spear in the open,but hard to guard against an arrow shot from a hidden place.Cf:It is easy to dodge an open spear thrust,but difficult to guard against an arrow in the dark.It is easy to parry a spear-thrust in the open,but hard to evade an arrow shot in the dark.,A visible spear is easily withstood,but an unseen arrow is hard to guard against.A spear openly discharged at you is easy to avoid,but it is difficult to guard against such as are discharged in secret.Better on open enemy than a false friend.,（2）城门失火，殃及池鱼。A fire on the city wall brings disaster to the fish in the moat.,Cf:When the city gate catches fire,the fish in the moat suffer from it-the innocent are involved.A city fire causes calamity to the pond fish.In a disturbance innocent by-standers get into trouble.Innocent people get into trouble on account of others misfortune.When the city burns,the fish in the moat suffer-victim of disaster of anothers doing.,（3）路遥知马力，日久见人心。As a long road tests a horses strength,so a long task proves the sincerity of a person.Cf:A long journey proves the stamina of a horse and the passage of time tells the true from the false.,As distance tests a horses strength,so time reveals a persons heart.Distance determines the stamina of a horse.It takes a long trip to gauge(measure,determine)the strength of a horse and a long time to gauge the heart of a man.One judges a horses worth by long-distance rides and a mans character by long association with him.,Time is a revealer of a mans sincerity.Time reveals the true heart of a man.（4）初生牛犊不怕虎。New-born calves make little/light of tigers.Cf:Newborn calves are not afraid of tigers.Young people are fearless.Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.The newborn calf fears no tigers.,意译法（1）失之东隅，收之桑榆。What you lose on the swings you gain on the roundabouts.Cf:lose at sunrise and gain at sunsetWhat is lost in the morning is gained in the evening.,（2）塞翁失马，安知非福？A loss may turn out to be a gain.Misfortune may(prove to)be a blessing in disguise.Nothing so bad,as not to be good for sth.,（3）此地无银三百两。A guilty person gives himself away by conspicuously protesting his innocence.(noticeably),套译法（1）一次被火烧，二次避火苗。/一朝被蛇咬三年怕井绳。A burnt child dreads the fire./Once bitten,twice shy.（2）半瓶醋，出事故。A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.,（3）少见多怪。Wonder is the daughter of ignorance.Cf:Having seen little,one gets excited easily./The less one sees the more there will be to wonder at.（4）三思而后行。Look before you leap.,3）歇后语的特点与翻译,歇后语是群众中广为流传的一种特殊语言形式，具有生动形象、诙谐幽默等特点。它一般由两个部分组成，前半截为形象的比喻，后半截是前面比喻的解释、说明。无论是文学作品，还是日常口语里，我们经常要同歇后语打交道。在习语翻译中，歇后语英译也是一个很重要的部分。,直译法“咱们俩的事，一条绳拴着两蚂蚱，谁也跑不了。”“We are like two grasshoppers tied to one cord;neither can get away!”,“你可倒好！肉包子打狗，一去不回头！”她的嗓门很高，“Well,you certainly are a guy!A dog given a bone doesnt come back for more!”Her voice was loud.,日本曹长心里像有十五个吊桶打水，七上八下地不安宁。It was as if the sword of Damocles hung over the Japanese sergeant.,意译法穷棒子闹翻身，是八仙过海，各显其能。When we pass from the old society to the new,each of us shows his true worth.等他们赶来增援时，已是“正月十五贴门神晚了半月啦。”But they were too late for a rescue.,可是谭招弟心中却想：骑着毛驴看书走着瞧吧，看究竟是啥原因。But Tan Zhaodi was still thinking to herself.“Lets wait and see what the reason for it turns out to be in the end.”,“我是想：咱们是孔夫子搬家，净是（输）书，心里真有点点干啥的。”“Only I fell bad when we lose every fight.”,4）俚语的特点与翻译俚语是比较通俗的口语词，有的带有粗俗性，有的带有方言性。俚语不但出现在口语中，而且也出现在戏剧、电视、电影以及小说的对白中。一般说来，俚语可分三类：委婉语，赌咒语和粗俗语。翻译举例：,（1）她有喜了。,She is a mother-to-be.She is in the family way.,（2）你这个杀千刀的！You be hanged!（3）见鬼去吧！To hell with you!（4）小妇养的！动了兵器了！Sons of*es!They are using weapons now.,（7）王八蛋们，怎么又在这儿碰上了！You devils,so we meet again!,5）惯用语的特点与翻译惯用语是以口头上常用的洗练、含蓄的语言，比一般词和词组更具稳定性，比四字词语更具灵活性。比书面语言更具含蓄讽刺、生动形象的比喻性。惯用语主要出现在群众的日常口语中，书面语中出现在小说、电影、电视、戏剧的人物对话里，也出现在比较口语化的议论文和散文中。由此可见，无论是口译还是笔译，都会碰到惯用语的翻译问题。,直译法举例：连根拔tear up by the roots走后门get in by the backdoor一窝蜂like a swarm of bees,及时雨timely rainfall九牛二虎之力the strength of nine bulls and two tigers病急乱投医turn to any doctor one can find when critically ill,Translation of English Idioms,The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.Murder will out.Cherish a snake in ones bosom.Much ado about nothing.Kill the goose that lays the golden eggs.A good conscience is a soft pillow.Throw a sprat to catch a whale.,无事生非;无事自扰杀鸡取卵;竭泽而渔吃小亏占大便宜,Practice 1,我喝我的清茶 他饮他的花酒，我喝我的清茶。人生需要一种境界：自我安定。面对别人成功与荣耀，我喝我的清茶，我明白那掌声已有所属，匆匆忙忙赶过去，不会有成功等着你。还是自己再创业绩吧，跟着别人只能摸着成功的尾巴。凡事不逃避，我喝我的清茶。荷花居污泥而不染，若为怕水污而种在旱地上，它早就枯死了。人生也一样，避恶、避丑、避邪，只能说明自己心里脆弱。一个自我安定的人不怕环境污染自己的，而有力量影响他人。古代孟母三迁是为了怕孩子受坏影响，要为自己就没有必要逃避了，后来孟子长大成人后也没听说孟母再搬家。,自我安定可不是找一个安宁的所在，而恰恰是在紊乱的环境中保持安定的心境，“定”是一种境界，是居于多变之中的不动摇。只有达到这一境界才能掌握自己的方向，才能做到“他饮他的花酒，我喝我的清茶。”.,Practice 2Put the following sentences into English1.咱们不能黑影里点灯，只看脚下。2.“那么，什么时候解决战斗？还是老牛拉破车，漫漫吞吞的吗？”3.他咯咯的笑着说：“这叫画饼充饥！”4.“人勤地不懒”，这话真不假。5.最重要的是，她不是小姐堆里娇生惯养出来的人。6.人怕出名猪怕壮。（枪打出头鸟。）7.“不是鬼使神差，好端端的他怎么会抽上了鸦片烟？”,8.薛蟠也假说来上学，不过是：“三天打鱼两天晒网”却不见有一点进益。9.送君千里，终有一别。10.东风压倒西风。11.夫妻无隔夜之仇。12.打蛇打七寸13.打蛇先打头，擒贼先擒王。14.他对乡里的情况，了如指掌。15.他的话简直是火上加油。16.她觉得丈夫这句话说的对，真是一针见血，点头附和道,17.木已成舟，也只好如此了。18.后来出嫁了，两个人还藕断丝连，这只能怪包办婚姻，不能怪她。19.这正是青黄不接的季节。20.事实胜于雄辩，水落自然石出。21.这刚按下葫芦，飘又起来了。（按下葫芦浮起瓢。）22.别拉大旗作虎皮了。.23.一字千金。,24.忠孝两全。25.忠言逆耳。26.忠言逆耳利于行。27.老将出马，一个顶俩。28.老鸹窝里出凤凰。29.老虎也有打盹时。30.老猫不在家，耗子要成精。31.老牛不饮水，不能强按头。32.老中青三结合33.“勤俭节约，吃穿不愁”是我母亲的格言。34.人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青。35.人生一世，草生一秋。,Practice 1 译文1,I am Content to Drink my Plain TeaBy Wang ShuchunLet others make merry with the best wines;I am content to drink my plain tea.In life we need to keep a tranquil mood.While others revel in their success and glory,I drink my plain tea in contentment.Knowing that the applause has gone to whom it belongs,I wont rush over in the hope of tumbling on success also.Instead,I will make a solid effort to accomplish my own goal.Those who follow others will always fall short of success.,I always confront the reality over a cup of plain tea.The lotus,though growing in mud,emerges unsullied from the filth.If,for fear that it should get soiled,one had planted it on dry land,it would have long withered away.The same is true with life.Only a weak mind is afraid of encountering ugliness,vices and evils.,A person with a tranquil frame of mind will not fear the adverse influence from people around him.Instead he is strong enough to exert a positive influence on them.In ancient times,Mencius mother moved three times to shun the bad influence from the neighbourhood on her sons upbringing.She did not do that for her own sake,for there was no need to.After Mencius had grown up,she did not move even once.,Practice 1 译文 2 我喝我的清茶 Contenting Myself with Plain Tea 他饮他的花酒，我喝我的清茶。人生需要一种境界：自我安定。Human life,it seems to me,needs a placidity of mind.While other may be wining and dining,Im content with plain tea.,面对别人成功与荣耀，我喝我的清茶，我明白那掌声已有所属，匆匆忙忙赶过去，不会有成功等着你。Not dazzled by other peoples aura of success and glamour,Ill indulge in my simple pleasure.Clearly aware where the credit goes,I wont join in the rush in the vain hope of accepting the prize to be handed to me on a plate.,还是自己再创业绩吧，跟着别人只能摸着成功的尾巴。The best a blind follower can do is tailing after the winners.The only alternative is to create wonders of ones own.,凡事不逃避，我喝我的清茶。荷花居污泥而不染，若为怕水污而种在旱地上，它早就枯死了。I stick to the pureness of my pleasure,never escaping from reality.The lotus grows in the mud without being tainted.If,to avoid the dirt,one plants it on dry clean ground,it simply wont grow.,人生也一样，避恶、避丑、避邪，只能说明自己心里脆弱。The same holds true for human beings.Shrinking from what is ugly,vile and evil only proves the frailty of ones character.,一个自我安定的人不怕环境污染自己的，而有力量影响他人。A person in full possession of mental serenity never stands in fear of being mentally contaminated by the filthy environment.On the contrary,he can exercise positive influences all around.,古代孟母三迁是为了怕孩子受坏影响，要为自己就没有必要逃避了，后来孟子长大成人后也没听说孟母再搬家。Menciuss mother made three removals during his childhood to keep him away from bad influences,which did not pose any problem for her.History does not record any more of such removals after he grew up.,自我安定可不是找一个安宁的所在，而恰恰是在紊乱的环境中保持安定的心境，“定”是一种境界，是居于多变之中的不动摇。Enjoying the tranquility of mind does not mean hiding oneself in a haven(安全地，避难所).What is meant is the maintenance of such a mental state in the midst of chaos,i.e.moral immovability amidst kaleidoscopic(万花筒似的，千变万化的)changes.,(e.g.a kaleidoscopic picture of the international and domestic problems 国际和国内问题的瞬间万变的景象)只有达到这一境界才能掌握自己的方向，才能做到“他饮他的花酒，我喝我的清茶。”.Only a person who has attained this plane(state,level)can be a real master of his destiny,contenting himself with the purest and simplest pleasure.,Practice 2,1.咱们不能黑影里点灯，只看脚下。Lets not light a lamp in the dark which shows only our feet.,2.“那么，什么时候解决战斗？还是老牛拉破车，漫漫吞吞的吗？”“Well,then,when are you going to get this battle finished off?Are you still going to be the old bullock pulling a broken cart,creeping slowly along?”,3.他咯咯的笑着说：“这叫画饼充饥！”Now he chuckled and commented:“Thats called Drawing a cake to satisfy your hunger.”4.“人勤地不懒”，这话真不假。“If man is diligent,soil is not idle.”How true the proverb is!,5.最重要的是，她不是小姐堆里娇生惯养出来的人。Whats most important,she isnt one of those well-born young ladies whove been pampered and spoiled all their lives.,6.人怕出名猪怕壮。（枪打出头鸟。）Fame is as fatal to men as fattening to pigs.Or:A man dreads fame as a pig dreads being fat.Or:Fame portends(预兆)trouble for men just as fattening does for pigs.,7.“不是鬼使神差，好端端的他怎么会抽上了鸦片烟？”“Had it not been for the influence of devils,how would a decent fellow