哈佛公开课幸福课beliefs.ppt
Beliefs asSelf-Fulfilling Prophecies,Roger Bannister,Outline,Beliefs shape realityHow it worksOptimizing optimismRaising our beliefs,We are what we think.All that we are arises with our thoughts.With our thoughts,we make our world.The Buddha,Pygmalion,Pygmalion,Pygmalionin the classroom(Robert Rosenthal)In theworkplace,Jamieson(1987),“Treat a man as a he is and he will remain as he is.Treat a man as he can and should be and he shall become as he can and should be.”Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,The Power of the Situation,Milgrams Obedience to Authority,Zimbardos PrisonExperiment,The(Positive)Power of the Situation,men above 75week in“1959”resortmental and biological age decreasesLanger(1989)testing eyesightImproves with role,Langer(1979),Positive Priming,Bargh(1999)Dijksterhuis&Van Knippenberg(1998)Creating a positive environmentpictures(people,places,etc)pleasant objects(memorabilia,flowers,etc)quotesbooks,films,musicpositive research,The Self-Help Movement,“Whatever your mind can conceive and believe it can achieve”Napoleon Hill,“Whether you think you can or cantyou are right”Henry Ford,The Self-Help Movement,“Have great hopes and dare to go all out for them.Have great dreams and dare to live them.Have tremendous expectations and believe in them.”Norman Vincent Peale,Albert Bandura on Self Efficacy,“Beliefs in personal efficacy affect life choices,level of motivation,quality of functioning,resilience to adversity and vulnerability to stress and depression.”“People who regard themselves as highly efficacious act,think,and feel differently from those who perceive themselves as inefficacious.They produce their own future,rather than simply foretell it.”,Cultivated over timeCurry(1997)on college athletes,Nathaniel Branden on Self-Esteem,“The level of our self-esteem has profound consequences for every aspect of our existence:how we operate in the workplace,how we deal with people,how high we are likely to rise,how much we are likely to achieveand,in the personal realm,with whom we are likely to fall in love,how we interact with our spouse,children,and friends,what level of personal happiness we attain.”,“Self concept is destiny.”,The Placebo Effect,Beliefs as Self-fulfilling Prophecies,BeliefsExpectations,Performance,Motivation,Consistency,Interpretation,Objective,Subjective,“I failed my way to success”Thomas Edison,Optimism and Pessimism(Seligman),Interpretation stylePermanent/temporaryPervasive/specificSuccess,Mental/physical healthimmune systemresiliencehappinesslongevityIt can be learned!,Optimizing Optimism,What about unrealistic beliefs?,Optimizing Optimism,What about unrealistic beliefs?The Stockdale ParadoxPositive thinking is not enough,“False optimism sooner or later means disillusionment,anger and hopelessness.”Abraham Maslow,The“Secret”of Success,Optimism,passion,hard work.,“There is no substitute for hard work.”Thomas Edison,“I am a great believer in luck,and I find that the harder I work,the luckier I get.”Thomas Jefferson,What About Happiness and Self-Esteem?,Do high expectations lead to disappointment?,Self-esteem=success/pretensionsWilliam James,Coping versus AvoidanceSelf perception theory(Bem,1967)realizing the pain of actual failuremore success,On Becoming An Optimist,Just do it!(action)Imagine that(visualization)Cognitive therapy(rational thinking),Taking Action(Bandura),Hard Work Coping,Success,Self-Efficacy,To dare is to lose ones footing momentarily.Not to dare is to lose oneself.Soren Kierkegaard,Imagining Success,The mind as simulator(Kosslyn,1994)Focus on journey and destination(Taylor,2005)Involve different sensesEvoke emotions,Cognitive Therapy,Thoughts drive emotionRestoring rationality/realismHighly effectiveAn acquired skill,Avoiding the 3 Ms,Magnifying(exaggerating)Permanent and Pervasive(over-generalizing)All-or-nothing thinkingMinimizing(underplaying)Tunnel visionDismissal of positive or negativeMaking up(fabricating)Personalization or blameEmotional reasoning,Get Real!,Is my conclusion tied to reality?Is my conclusion rational?Am I ignoring something important?What important evidence do I still need to take into consideration?What am I magnifying?What am I minimizing?Am I ignoring anything that is going well?Am I ignoring anything that is not going well?What is the big picture?,Extremely Happy People(Diener and Seligman,2002),Everyone experiences negative emotionsDifferent cognitive interpretations(pessimists vs.optimists)Self-fulfilling propheciesSpiraling down or up,Ayres,J.&Hopf,T.(1992).Visualization:Reducing Speech Anxiety and Enhancing Performance.Communication Reports,5,1-10.Bandura,A.(1999).Perceived Self-Efficacy in Cognitive Development and Functioning.Educational Psychologist,28(2),117-148.Benson,H.(1997).Timeless Healing.Scribner.Burns,D.(1999).Feeling Good:The New Mood Therapy.Avon.Langer,E.(1989).Mindfulness.Addison-Wesley.Leahy,R.L.(2003).Cognitive Therapy Techniques:A Practitioners Guide.Guilford Publication.White,S.S.&Locke,E.A.(2000).Problems with the Pygmalion Effect and Some Proposed Solutions.Leadership Quarterly,11,389-415.Rosenthal,R.,and Jacobson,L.(1968).Pygmalion in the Classroom.New York:Rinehart and Winston.Selgiman,M.(1998).Learned Optimism:How to Change Your Mind and Your Life.Free Press.,Bibliography and Recommendations,
