基于游客行为的城市旅游地城市空间结构分析.ppt

基于游客行为的城市旅游地空间结构分析 以西安为例,西北大学城市与资源学系,杨新军,1、相关研究进展,国外-国外学者对旅游地理空间结构研究始于20世纪60年代。区位论 核心 边缘理论模型 地域游憩系统 试验性全国游憩调查（British Pilot National Recreation Survey）时间序列模型（趋势分析）、相关分析模型、引力模型、潜能模型等 旅游流形成机制 国内-主要研究视角:旅游热点城市游客时序分布规律及城市居民出游的规律结构旅游者行为类型和空间规律不同尺度旅游区客源市场的地区结构突发事件等不确定因素对旅游客源波动影响等,A.Progress of relative research,abroad-Location theory the core-periphery modelregional recreation system British Pilot National Recreation Surveymodel of tendency analysis,model of relevance analysis,gravitation model,potential model the mechanism of tourist flow domestic-the hot tourism cities time-frequency distribution laws and the regular touring structure of urban residents the discussion on tourists behavior types and spatial law the district structure of tourist source area for tourism destinations in different scales the influence of uncertain factors such as incidents on tourism origins market,2、游客行为空间模式研究,2.1 基本模式2.2 旅游出行空间的基本规律,旅行模式 演化模式 区域旅游行为空间选择模式,B.Model of tourism behavioral space,a.Basic patternb.Essential regulation of touring space,Travel pattern Evolutionary Pattern Spatial behavior choice models of regional tourism,2.1.1 旅行模式,旅行模式是早期对旅游活动空间的描述，涵盖了三个基本概念：节点（通常为关联客源地-目的地的一对概念）、联结节点的路径以及沿路径移动的旅行方式。马略特（Mariot，1969）提出了联结惯常住地与旅游目的地的三种不同旅行线路：直达线路（Aaccess Route），游憩线路（Recreational Route）和返回线路（Return Route）。Campbell（1967）按照旅行目的不同，将旅游活动分为游览型（Intinerary）和逗留型（Stay）两种方式，解释了从城市中心向外移动的不同模式。,Travel pattern,Travel pattern covers three basic concepts:the nodes connecting origin region to tourism destination regions;the paths connecting nodes and the ways traveling along routes.Three types of travel routes:Access Route;Recreation Route and Return Route(Pearce,1995).Tourists activities were thought to be two types by Campbel.One is Intinerary,and the other is Stay.,2.1.2 演化模式,Miossec国际旅游模型中，客源发生地周围具有四个不同的旅游功能圈层。这些功能圈层的形成是由旅游动机、方式和成本等因素决定的。并认为旅游者和当地居民行为的变化与旅游地的增加和交通网络的扩展有很大关联。Oppermann（1993）考虑了不同旅游者的行为和功能，把焦点集中在发展中国家，认为在其旅游开发过程中，首都城市起着主导地位。Lundgren模式是O（客源地）D（目的地）相互作用的经典模式。Lundgren和Hill1977年曾经提出国际旅游流动的核心 外围模式，认为，城市化水平高的发达国家构成了旅游流发生的核心，而外围发展中国家则形成主要的旅游目的地。,Evolutionary Pattern,Model of international tourist flow developed by Miossec shows that tourism origin included four functional gradations.(Matley I M,1976).Oppermann(1993)postulated that in developing countries,metropolis played a leading role in tourism development(Oppermann M,1993).The core-peripheral model was used to interpret international tourist flow,and it was postulated that developed countries were the core origins of international tourist flow while the peripheral developing countries were main tourism destination districts(Lundgren J O J,1984).,2.1.3 区域旅游行为空间选择模式,模式1：单一目的地旅游旅游者的大部分旅游活动集中在一个目的地；模式2：线型旅游旅游者选择使用一条线路上的多个旅游目的地，但存在主次之分，主要选择使用的目的地只有一个；模式3：基营式旅游旅游者在访问主要目的地的同时也选择访问基他几个目的地，但往往以主体目的地作为大本营；模式4：环型旅游旅游者在既定的目标区域内环旅游好几个目的地，相当于游览线路空间；模式5：链式旅游旅游者以客源地为中心进行的链式游览。美.,Spatial behavior choice models of regional tourism,Model 1:Single destination-most activities are concentrated in one destination.Model 2:Linear tourism-tourist visits multiple destinations along one route.Model 3:Camp-based tourism-chooses one destination as a camp,and visits other destinations from it.Model 4:Circular tourism-tourist visits several destinations within one area.Model 5:Chain tourism-origin is the center of chain tourism.Gunn C A,1994,2.2 旅游出行空间的基本规律,距离衰减相互作用城市主导空间层次等级性,b.Essential regulation of touring space,Distance decay Interaction Leading role of city Spatial hierarchy,3 基于游客行为的旅游地空间结构研究 以西安为例,3.1 旅游目的地空间结构 引入“一日旅游圈”的概念，即以一日为周期的旅游行为高度 联系的区域。假设：适合于一般游客按组团模式进行的旅游活动，其时间序列为：早上7：30出发，晚上19：30返回，全天出游时间为12h，减去在两地市（区）内的平均交通时间约0.5h，共1h，各旅游景点一般午餐和午间时间1h，目的地游览时间大约5h，得到的单程交通可支出时间为2.5h。这样，将行游比控制在1:1范围内，基本满足游客的旅游要求。,C.Research on spatial structure of TDD based on tourist behaviora case study of Xian,a.Spatial structure of tourism destination district The concept of“One-day touring circle”is drawn,namely the district of tourist behaviour with high relationship based on one-day period.Hypothesis:The time series of the group tourists is that leaving at 7:30 am and getting back at 19:30 pm,so as to the whole touring time a day is 12h;subtracting the 1h in all for average communication time in the two cities(each takes 0.5h),the 1h for lunch transportation and the 5h approximately for touring destination,2.5h available time for one way transportation is gained.Therefore,it would mainly satisfy the touring demand of tourist if the transportation touring rate is controlled within 1:1.,图中未注明的景区为依次为：1 兵马俑 2 华清池 3 大慈恩寺 4 大雁塔 5 陕西历史博物馆 6 碑林博物馆 7 秦始皇陵 8 西安城墙 9 骊山森林公园图1 西安TDD范围及区内主要旅游景区Fig.1 Main Tourist Spots and Fringe of Xian TDD,因此，西安“一日旅游圈”可定义为以西安市为起点，采用组团方式组织旅行，单程2.5h内可达到的空间范围（如图1）。其涉及范围包括了西安、宝鸡、咸阳、渭南、铜川和延安六地市。形成以250 km为半径的出游空间，几乎涵盖了整个关中地区。一个明显特征是，西安对其周边地区产生了显著的截流效应。以2002年为例，西安行政范围内接待游客总量达到整个TDD区域的88.53%。,The involved range includes such cities as Xian,Baoji,Xianyang,Weinan,Tongchuan and Yanan.It forms a touring space with 250km radius,which almost covers the whole Guangzhong region.An apparent characteristic is that Xian exerts obvious“damming a river”effect on its peripheral regions.The whole sum of tourists received in Xian reaches 88.53%of the ones of TDD.,表1 陕西省各地市近年接待入境旅游人次Tab.1 Oversea visitors of all districts in Shaanxi Province,资料来源：陕西省统计年鉴,2001-2003,Tab.1 Oversea visitors of all districts in Shaanxi Province,An apparent characteristic is that Xian exerts obvious“damming a river”effect on its peripheral regions.The whole sum of tourists received in Xian reaches 88.53%of the ones of TDD(see Tab 1).,Source:Shaanxi statistical yearbook,2001-2003,3.2 旅游吸引力空间结构,根据中心地标准距离公式，把每个客源地在目的地客源中所占份额做为权重，得出客源吸引半径计算公式：公式中，n表示客源地的数量，xi表示第i个客源地所占市场份额，di表示i客源地到西安的距离。,B.The spatial structure of tourist gravity,Central-distance formula(Formu.1)is used to calculate the gravity radius of domestic tourism in Xian,taking market share of each origin as the weight.,Formula.1,Where n is the number of origin,xi the market share of each origin,di the distance between origin and Xian.,1995年和2001年西安市国内旅游演化对比图,图2 1995年和2001年西安市国内旅游演化对比Fig.2 Evolution of domestic tourism of Xian in 1995 and 2001,Evolution of domestic tourism of Xian in 1995 and 2001,Fig.2 Evolution of domestic tourism of Xian in 1995 and 2001,利用1995年、1998年和2001年三年西安市旅游局国内旅游抽样调查结果的统计，对西安市国内旅游客源市场分省域进行了统计分析（其中西安到各省区的距离运用省会距离来考察，山东、内蒙古则计算西安到济南和青岛的距离平均值和西安到呼和浩特、包头的距离平均值），计算结果如表2：,可见，西安市以省域为单位计算的国内旅游客源市场综合吸引半径基本没有发生变化，而累计百分比在60%到80%这一区间上距离增大，由1995年的1635公里增加到2001年的1809公里，反映了客源市场由周边向东部沿海发达地区倾斜的空间态势。,With data of domestic tourism samples of 1995,1998 and 2001(Tab.2),the radius of domestic tourism abstraction of Xian is calculated.Index of distance is the railway transporting distance between Xian and each provincial capital.,The result of calculation shows that the composite gravity radius of Xian changes gradually,the attractive radius of Xian to accumulated 60%80%origins went up to 1809Km in 2001 from 1635Km in 1995.It illustrates that the origin space scattered gradually and expanded toward to eastern littoral China.,Tab.2 Gravity Radius of Domestic Tourism in Xian(calculated by provinces),3.3 客源市场空间结构,从国内客源省域构成看，1995年和2001年抽样调查结果显示，来西安的外省游客产生了较大变化，其中，陕西周边省份市场份额有所上升，其余省份市场份额有扩散趋势，但变化幅度不一。来西安人数最多的省区主要有周边及近距离的晋、豫、川和经济发达的鲁、沪、京、粤等经济发达省份，说明距离和经济仍然是主导西安地区游客地域构成的首位因素。,图3 西安市国内游客构成的省际变化Fig.3 Change of composition of domestic tourism in Xian,C.The spatial structure of origins market,The composition of outside-province visitors to Xian changed a lot,in which the market share of Shaanxi peripheral province had risen to a small extent,but the market share of the rest provinces tended to spread.However all the changes ranged differently(see Fig3).The majority of visitors to Xian were mainly from provinces adjacent to Shaanxi and the provinces that where the economic were developed,just like Shandong,Beijing and Guangdong,which showed the main two factors influencing the region composition of tourists in Xian were distance and economy.,Fig.3 Change of composition of domestic tourist in Xian,以1995年、1998年和2001年为例，西安市前十位旅游客源省份所占比重分别为71.23、72.72和60.3（表3）。,表3 西安市前十位旅游客源省份及其比例变化Tab.3 Top 10 origins and their proportion of domestic tourism in Xian,资料来源：陕西省统计年鉴,2001-2003,Tab.3 Top 10 origins and their proportion of domestic tourism in Xian,The accumulative share of top 10 origins of Xian in 1995,1998 and 2001 were 71.23%,72.72%and 60.3%respectively(see Tab3).,Source:Xian Tourism Administration,3.4 游客行为空间结构,数据来源及研究方法的选取 国内旅游者对旅游资源（景点）的空间选择 典型游线的利用均衡度与强度分析,3.4 The spatial structure of tourist behavior,Data source and the choice of research methodsThe spatial choice of spots of domestic touristsThe analysis on utilizing intensity and balanced degree of typical tour route,3.4.1 数据来源及研究方法的选取,对近年来西安市旅游局所作的游客行为统计进行了代表性检验，发现游客在华山、兵马俑、华清池、大雁塔、楼观台、碑林、乾陵、法门寺、黄帝陵和朱雀森林公园等10个景点的行为特征与全部游客在西安地区的游客行为特征具有90以上的共性。以这10个景点游客的行为特征表征西安国内游客的行为特征，进而从代表性景点游客的空间选择来识别旅游者对西安旅游景点的选择特征。调查中共发放问卷2000份（每个景点200份），回收1856份，有效问卷1780份，有效率89%，符合抽样分析的基本要求。游客被区分为省内和省外两种，而景点按照市区和周边两个层次进行归类。,d.The spatial structure of tourist behavior,Data source and the choice of research methods This paper analysed the tourists behavior characteristic in ten spots to represent the whole domestic tourists behavior in Xian.A total of 2000 questionnaires were sent during the investigation(200 for each spot),and 1856 questionnaires were received in which 1780 usable questionnaires were completed.The confidence level was found to be 89%with an acceptable level of sampling analysis.Besides the basic characteristic of tourist,the questionnaires contents mainly included the tourists choices of spots in Xian and contiguous zones.Inside-province visitors and outside-province visitors constituted the two types of tourists that concerned in the questionnaires.The spots were classified according to two standard levels:the urban built-up area and urban periphery.,3.4.2 国内旅游者对旅游资源（景点）的空间选择,外省游客对景点级别较为敏感，游客对不同级别景点的到访率与景点级别存在正相关关系。外省游客来西安后对西安周边旅游景点的选择主要受线路组合状况影响。,图4 外省游客对西安市区旅游景点的选择Fig.4 Choice of tourism spots in Xian of visitors from other provinces,图5 外省游客对西安周边旅游景点的选择Fig.5 Choice of tourism spots around Xian of Visitors from other provinces,图6 陕西省内游客对西安及周边旅游景点的选择Fig.6 Choice of tourism spots in&around Xian of visitors from Shaanxi Province,省内游客在景点选择过程中与省外游客不同，对各种级别旅游景点的到访率差距并不明显，对景点级别反映不敏感。,The spatial choice of spots of domestic tourists,Fig.4 The tourist behaviour choices of spots in Xian indicated that tourists were sensitive to the hierarchy of spots when they made a decision on where to visit in Xian.It also indicated that the visiting rate among visitors differed from the hierarchy of spots,exiting a right interrelated relationship.Fig.5 The outside-province tourists choice of spots peripheral to Xian were chiefly affected by the conditions of route combination.Fig.6 The inside-province tourists were different from the outside-province tourists when they chose their preferable spots:the disparity of visiting rates among each spot with different hierarchy was not very clear and they were not sensitive of the hierarchies of spots.,国内游客在陕西全省的旅游行为明显表现出大尺度旅游空间行为的基本特征，即尽量游玩高级别和特色旅游景点。总体来看，两种类型游客景点选择时与旅游产品性质之间关系明显：西安人文旅游资源景点对省内外游客吸引力都较强，而主要差异在于，省内游客对自然资源景点到访率明显高于省外游客。,The basic characteristic of high scale tourist spatial behaviours,namely visiting the high-ranking and special spots to the full,was found clearly and obviously in the tourist behaviour of domestic tourists all over the Shaanxi province.,On the whole,the choice of these two types of tourists had clear and obvious relationship with the quality of tourism products:the attraction of cultural tourism source in Xian was strong to visitors both from inside and outside province,and the main difference was that the visiting rates of natural tourism source of inside-province visitors were higher than the ones of outside-province visitors clearly.,3.4.3 典型游线的利用均衡度与强度分析,西安 兵马俑(Xian-Qin Army Vault)西安 法门寺(Xian-Famen Temple)西安 乾陵(Xian-Qianling Tomb)西安 黄陵(Xian-Mausoleum of Huangdi)西安 华山(Xian-Mt.Huashan),洛伦兹曲线的一轴表示旅行者的分布，另一轴表示路径网络的分布。曲线（ABC）反映了旅行者分布与旅游线路分布之间的一致程度，其与对角线之间的面积越大，说明旅行者在少数路径上集中程度越高。,图7 西安主要旅游路径洛伦兹曲线Tab 7 Lorenz Curve of main Tourist Paths,The analysis on utilizing intensity and balanced degree of typical tour route,the left axis of Lorenz curve demonstrates the tourist distribution,while the bottom demonstrates the distribution of tourist paths grid.Curve ABC shows no difference between tourist distribution and tourist routes distribution.The bigger the area between the curve and diagonal is,the higher the centralization degree of tourists on few paths is.,表4 主要旅游线路的有关指标Tab.4 Some Index of Main Tourist Routes,结果显示，各线路的旅游利用强度指数差别很大，其中西临高速公路面临的压力最大，为西安东线旅游热线中的“热点”，法门寺和乾陵则是西安旅游较“热”的西线两大主要景点。南部秦岭北麓作为今后发展的重点区段，目前尚无重要的旅游线路。,The results show that there are large differences among each routes utilizing strength exponent.The press on Xiling highway is the biggest,so it is said that it is the“hot spot”among hot east tour route of Xian.Famen Temple and Qianling Tomb are two main spots among the“hotter”west tour routes of Xian.Being a focus region for developing hereafter,the north of Mt.Qianling has no important tour routes at present.,Tab.4 Some Index of Main Tourist Routes of Xian,D.Conclusions,1.基于行为空间的游客抽样调查与分析，是研究旅游者的行为特征，确定旅游空间结构，合理进行旅游组织的重要方法。a.The experience of internal and external researches indicate that the sampling survey and analysis of tourists based on spatial behaviour is an important method to study tourists behaviour,ascertain the spatial structure of touring and organize the touring rationally.,2.西安作为全国主要旅游中心城市，国内游客的来源广泛，符合明显的距离衰减原则。1995年到2001年累积60%客源市场的吸引半径变化不大，但是累积80%的客源市场发生了较大变化，表明西安的国内客源省域分布正逐步趋于分散。b.As a main touring centre city in China,Xians internal tourist sources are extensive,which is in conformity with the distance-decaying principle.From 1995 to 2001,the gravity radius of origins market accumulated to 60%varies a little.However,the one of accumulated 80%of origins market vary wildly,which shows that the province distribution of domestic origins of Xian progressively is tending to disperse.,3.外省游客对西安市及其周边地区旅游景点的选择符合大尺度旅游的行为空间特征，即尽量游玩高级别的旅游景点，因此明显偏好人文旅游资源，而本省游客则对自然旅游景点表现出更强的偏好。因此今后不同旅游景点客源市场定位要符合客观规律，各有侧重，避免失误。c.The basic characteristic with large scale of tourist spatial behaviours,in other words,visiting the high-ranking and characteristic spots to the full,is found clearly and obviously in the behaviours of outside-province visitors to Xian and its peripheral district.Thus,they prefer cultural tourism resources obviously,while the inside-province visitors express stronger preference to natural tourism sources.,4.西安的国内旅游优势在于周边有一批高级别的旅游景点，依据“一日游”的旅游行为特征，西安旅游目的地区域基辐射半径为250公里，几乎涵盖了整个关中地区的旅游景点，但主要旅游线路利用强度很不均衡。d.The domestic tourisms superiority of Xian is the possession of several spots with higher hierarchy in peripheral district.According to the tourists behaviours characteristics of“One-day touring”,the radiation radius of Xian as a tourism destination district is 250KM,which almost cover the all spots in Guanzhong region while the utilizing of its main tour routes is at unbalanced state.,谢 谢！Th