写作技巧全面讲解.ppt

1,利用评分标准，写好四六级作文,2分 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8 分 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相多，其中有一些是严重错误。11 分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14 分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。（注：字数不足应酌情扣分。）,2,存在的主要问题,不切题，或部分不切题；连贯性较差；句子层次错误多；严重语言错误；表达思想不清楚；表达不准确或不地道；缺乏精彩的句子、缺乏变换（句式变换、词语变换）；内容空洞。,3,“一致性”unity,是指写的句子、段落或文章所表达的思想是一个完整的一个统一体。句子里的词语，段落里的句子，甚至文章里的段落应紧密地围绕主题。(1)将写作中与中心无关的内容删去Eg:The parking space of our university,which is one of the most beautiful in our city,has become completely inadequate,and recently the board of directors voted to increase the school budget for the construction of a new parking lot.Eg:On the other hand,the young usually dont like being controlled by the old routine.They look for personality and freedom.Of course,there is family problem,such as the parent like boys and hate girls,etc.,4,一致性”unity,1.There are many reasons to cause the Generation Gap,especially the age and the viewport.The west and the east are different.Because they havent the same besic of scieuty and think in different ways.2.On one hand,the parent always treat us as a child.They are on the top of the family.On the other hand,the young people think they are no longer a boy.,5,一致性”unity,(2)对结构过于松散，未能明确表达中心思想的句子应加以改写。I worry about whether I will get a job,and I am convinced that new chances will appear maybe at the end of this month.,修改：I worry about whether I will get a job,although I am convinced that new chances will appear maybe at the end of this month.并列句主从复合句 I worry about whether I will get a job.although I am convinced that new chances will appear maybe at the end of this month.I still cant help being anxious.将原句中的第二分句改写为主从复合句，使其中心思想明白无误的表达出来。,6,一致性”unity,E.g.I got up early.Mom told me that there was always traffic jam and our car was a little bit too old and we need to buy a new one.,不够一致：第一句句子的意思不完整，看不出事情发生的时间。第二句表达的意思不一致，没有说明其中两个分句的关系，与第一各个句子没有联系。,修改：I got up early Monday morning.Mom told me that was always heavy traffic,and as our car was a little bit old and couldnt run fast,wed better start earlier.,7,一致性”unity,例：Some people think it is because the child didnt want to talk with his parents.But I do not think so.Some times,we chat with our parents,and tell them our thought if they didnt agree with us,they would agrue with us and let us admit mind of them.So the Generation Gap is produced.改：Some people think it is because the child didnt want to talk with his parents.But I do not think so.Some times,we may still chat with our parents,and tell them our thought.However,when they do not agree with us,they would not argue with us,but just make us accept their opinions.In this way the Generation Gap is produced.,8,“连贯性”coherence,要实现写作的有效性，除了注意“一致”，还要强调“连贯”。连贯就是指写作的各个成分（词语、句子、段落）之间需要有符合逻辑的有机联系，从而使表达的思路清晰，方便交际的对方能得要领。“一致”要求写作的各个成分都要围绕何服务中心思想；“连贯”则要求写作的各个成分要形成有机的横向联系。也可以说，“连贯”就是指写作的各个成分（除了最后一个成分）要为下一个成分作铺垫，而每个成分（除了第一个成分）又是前一个成分的延续。造成“不连贯”的原因很多，下面叙述几个主要的原因，并加上例句佐证。,9,“连贯性”coherence,(1)结构混淆。不同的结构混杂在一起，会使读者摸不着头脑，来不及调整，跟不上作者的思路。(误)Whereas parents insist on restraining their childrens independence,they encourage rebellion.(正)When parents insist on restraining their childrens independence,they encourage rebellion.(误)All the players jumped from the bench and the referee made an unfair announcement of the results.(正)The referee made an unfair announcement of the results and(so)all the players jumped from the bench.,10,“连贯性”coherence,1.For example,when fathers is young,there is less food to eat,so they think their sons should make uses of their good envirement and should be good at study.改：For example,when fathers are young,there is even not enough food to eat,let alone other material supply for life and study,so they think their kids should make full use of the present good conditions and be good at study.2.They learn more new things than the old men.Some of these things are hated by the old men.改：They can learn more new ideas than their elders do,some of which may be condemned by their elders.怎样加强连贯性,11,“连贯性”coherence,(2)代词的不当使用造成指代模糊。英语中代词使用的频率大大高于中文。但是，使用中同一人称的代词指代一个以上的名词，就会使读者感到莫名其妙。此外，也应该避免不必要的人称代词转移。（误）Everybody today wants psychological advice so that they will tell them what to do.（正）Everybody today wants psychological advice from a counselor who will tell him or her what to do,12,“连贯性”coherence,（误）Now,there are too many generation gap between parents and their sons and daughters.Each of them thinks he is right,others are wrong.正：Each side think they are right and the other are wrong.（误）We may be say that I have generation gap with my father,But do you know what causes of G.p between you and your father.正：You may say you have generation gap with your father.,13,“连贯性”coherence,(3)未能正确使用对等结构(parallelism)正确使用对等结构既能增强“连贯”，又能简洁明了地表达思想。（误）Walking a beat,riding patrol car,and the work of an undercover agent are all dangerous aspects of police work.（正）Walking a beat,riding patrol car,and doing undercover work are all dangerous aspects of police work.例：Because they have different interests,senses and the way they enjoy living.正：Generation gap occurs maybe because they have different interests,values and lifestyles.,14,“连贯性”coherence,(4)缺少或未能使用过渡词或短语。过渡词或短语能显示句子之间的逻辑关系。因此，正确使用过渡词或短语能帮助读者跟上作者的思路。(差)She searched and searched for her purse.She could not find it.(佳)She searched and searched for her purse,but she could not find it.(差)Romance may express itself in a variety of ways.A man may send a woman a dozen long-stemmed roses.A husband may plan and cook a gourmet meal.(佳)Romance may express itself in a variety of ways.For example,a man may send a woman a dozen long-stemmed roses.Or,as a romantic gesture,a husband may plan and cook a gourmet meal.,15,怎样加强连贯性,有意识地使用过渡性词语和连接词 How to achieve coherence；恰当地使用复合句。“连贯性”coherence,16,语言错误,词汇错误1 拼写错误2 用词不当句子层次错误1 主谓不一致（单复数不一致、时态、语态）；没有谓语动词；有两个或更多谓语动词，而次要的一个未用非谓语动词或未改为从句；2 从句被当成一个完整的句子（残缺句）；,17,拼写错误,Reasion There seasons of itAcceaptDivelopInveromentOpionIn the modern social Tread/trateCircumeThiredSave the problemThe father and the sun,ReasonThree reasonsAcceptDevelopEnvironmentOpinionSocietyTreatCircumstanceThirdSolve the problemThe father and the son,18,误用,1.不规则过去式：Thinked-thought Teached-taught Understand-understood Born(i)ed-born2.近义词误用 do/does behave-do sth.in a particular way think-(更广)思考，考虑，认为 consider-考虑(某一具体事件)是否接受或是否决定:Im considering applying for the job.认为怎么样,19,误用,common-Roses are common in England gardens.general-通用，泛指general knowledge一般/通用知识 general impression 总体印象 in general 一般的，大体上。Eg:Its general(common)that there is a gap between generations.Come out-(真相)大白The truth of the matter come out.事实凸现The family resemblances come out strongly in the wedding photos.出版、发行Come into being-形成、产生Turn out-证明为；产生unexpected,20,误用,Talk-talk with parents;talk to sb.about sth.;have a talk with sb.Speak-speak to sb.about sth.和某人讲speak English(强调一个人讲，其他人听)Teaching,learning-educationMaybe-We maybe say thatMay be-It may be(because of/him)搭配-think/live in a special(defferent)way,21,语言错误,词汇错误1 拼写错误2 用词不当句子层次错误1 主谓不一致（单复数不一致、时态、语态）；没有谓语动词；有两个或更多谓语动词，而次要的一个未用非谓语动词或未改为从句；2 从句被当成一个完整的句子（残缺句）；,22,sentence fragment残缺句,A sentence fragment is only part of a sentence.It is a sentence that lacks either subject,verb,or sense.E.g:All of us need recreation.Because we have relax our nerves.学生例句：1.Because of the different minds,ideas and the way how to deal the things which happened around.Generation gap may occur because of 2.Too many differences in mind between the youth and the old men,so they cant agree with each other.There are ways of correcting fragments:by joining the fragment to the sentence before or by rewriting the fragment as a separate sentence.,23,run-on sentence(熔合句),Run-on sentence is actually two sentences written as one.Fused sentence consists of two sentences joined without any punctuation between them.Comma splice:two full sentences separated by a comma instead of a period Eg:First,the youth and the older have different thought,they cant explain each other,when they have some problem,they refuse to talk about,so lead to the generation gap.ways of correcting:put a period at the end of each sentence;use a coordinating conjunction to join two sentences.,24,谓语错误,1.When the father told the boy not to do something,the boy will obey,so the father was angry.（时态不一致）2.Why the Generation gap exists?(陈述句变疑问句时,谓语动词应有变化)3.We get rid of the generation gap is very important.(一个简单句中只能有一个主谓结构,若出现两个或两个以上谓语动词时,应将次要动词变为从句或非谓语形式)That we get rid of the generation gap is very important.It is very important for us to get rid of the generation gap.,25,“There be”结构应用不当,在运用这一结构时，考生最容易犯的错误是在there be之后又用了一个动词作谓语，使句子结构出现严重错误。考生病句：1.There are many people like to go to the movies.2.There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people.正确表达：1.There are many people who like to go to the movies.2.There are different kinds of vegetables that people can buy on the market.,26,句中的主语后面可接多种修饰语，如介词短语、不定式短语、定语从句、分词短语等等。这无疑使该结构增加了表现力，使句子表达内容更加丰富。3.There are many people rushing into the cities every year.4.There are many things we can do to prevent traffic accidents.5.There is no use holding back the wheel of history.,27,There are many new things come out every year.There are so many people talk the queston of Generation gap.,coming out,talking about,28,表达不清楚,1.When the different has a great number,the Gerneration Gap is appearaue.(When they differ greatly in opinions,values and interests,the generation gap may appear.)2.You are have no same words.(You share no common language.)3.They do a common thing but their parents may think its strange.(What they believe to be a common thing may be considered as a strange thing by their parents.)4.Many youths hate the suggestion from their elders,which is thinked pasting and lose life.(which they think is outdated and dull),29,表达不清楚,5.In my opinion,there is one key to improve the problem between the youth and their elders.improve the situation6.Different periods have different interests.People of different ages may7.The old are sorry to be difficult to get touch with the young.The old feel sorry it is difficult for them to get on well with the youth.8.Maybe something is wrong in the past,but now it is right.Some ideas or behaviors that used to be considered improper how may become acceptable.,30,范文分析Generation Gap,Generation gap refers to the lack of understanding between generations caused by their different attitudes and experiences.It is common everywhere and it has a great influence on the relationship between generations.,31,Generation Gap,People of different generations are likely to have different views and responses on the same things.Owing to different experiences,the young and the old have much to disagree on.Young people on average favor changes and new ideas while old people are usually conservative,sticking to traditional principles and old ideas,and looking down on young peoples innovative behaviors and radical ideas.This often causes obstacles between them.They have great difficulty in reaching an agreement while arguing on something.This often occurs in most families.Different opinions between parents and children usually end in quarreling.,32,Generation Gap,Generation gap may result in some negative influence unless we deal with it properly.The young and the old should find more that they can share,and they should understand each other rather than condemning the weak points.Thus the gap may become narrower and have little effect on our work and relation between generations.(writing techniques:definition;contrast),33,句子的写作,一、语 法 规 范 任何一个句子,尤其是书面语的句子,首先要做到合乎语法规范,如主谓结构完整、主谓一致、正确的时态、语态以及其他语法规则。,34,句子的写作,二、一 致 性 句子的一致性在此主要是指意思的完整性,也就是说,一个句子所表达的应该是一个相对完整的意思。例1.Bicycles are so popular in China.这是一个意义很不完整的句子,我们应该对它再做进一步的补充说明,修改成:Bicycles are so popular in China that almost every family has at least one.例2.Born in London in 1921,he grew up to be a physicist.句子所陈述的两项事实之间的关系不密切,缺乏一致性。应改为:He was born in London in 1921.Finally he became a physicist.,35,句子的写作,三、连 贯 性句子的连贯性是指句子的成分之间连接正确,条理清楚,整体结构自然流畅,融会贯通。句子的连贯性包含两层含义:句子各部分意义上的连贯和句子各部分之间结构上的连贯。在使用复合句时,最容易犯连贯性差的错误。一个句子可以表达两个或多层意思,但各层意思之间必须具有一定的内在联系和逻辑关系,如果将两个完全不同的思想置于同一个句子中,用并列关系或从属关系表示,则完全破坏了句子的连贯性。而且,在使用复合句时,必须弄清句子要表达的主要思想和次要思想,并摆好主次之间的关系。除此之外,修饰成分位置不当,平行结构使用不合理以及非谓语动词作状语的误用等等,都有可能破坏句子的连贯性。,36,句子的写作,三、连 贯 性例4.To succeed in a scientific research,persistence is needed.不定式的逻辑主语与全句的主语不一致,可以改为:To succeed in a scientific research,one needs to be persistent.例5.Looking out of window,a lake can be seen.分词的逻辑主语与全句的主语不一致,可以改为:Looking out of window,I can see a lake.,37,句子的写作,四、句式的多样性 在上面我们已经提到,在写作时要注意句式的变化,使文章读起来富有生气。同样一个意思可以通过多种句式来表达.例如:需求的增长导致了价格的升高。这一意义我们可以通过下列句式来表达:The cause of/reason for higher prices was an increase in demand.The/One effect/consequence/result of an increase in demand is higher prices.The demand has increased.Therefore/So/As a result/Accordingly/Consequently/Because of this/Thus/Hence/For this reason/Now,the prices are higher.,38,句子的写作,Because/As/Since/Now that the demand has increased,the prices are higher.An increase in demand often causes/results in/leads to/produces higher prices.Higher prices are caused by/due to an increase in demand.The prices are higher because of/as a result of/on account of/owing to an increase in demand.The prices are higher because/since/as there is an increase in demand.,39,句式的变化,在考虑英语句式的变化时,我们一般从以下几个方面入手：(1)既可以用主动式也可以用被动式,例如:例1.Today,we use machines not only in industry but in other sectors of national economy as well.Today machines are widely used not only in industry but in other sectors of national economy as well.例2.Some people believe that it will be possible for automatic machines to replace completely in the future.It is believed by some people that it will be possible for automatic machines to replace completely in the future.,40,句式的变化,(2)既可以用肯定式也可以用否定式,例如:例1.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.I shall go there unless it rains.例2.Their daily lives dont provide them with the exercise needed to keep them healthy.Their daily lives fail to provide them with the exercise needed to keep them healthy.,41,句式的变化,(3)某些修饰成分既可以用在句子前面也可以用在后面,还可以用在中间,例如:例1.With a car,people can get around freely.People can get around freely with a car.例2.In fact,speaking is one of the most important means of communication.Speaking is in fact one of the most important means of communication.,42,句式的变化,(4)既可以是正常语序也可以是倒装语序,例如:例1.A new type of TV sets was among the products on display.Among the products on display was a new type of TV sets.例2.We did not realize the problem of energy crisis until the end of last century.Not until the end of last century did we realize the problem of energy crisis.,43,句式的变化,(5)既可以用简单句也可以用并列句或者主从复合句,例如:例1.Nowadays a lot people work in office and they spend most of their time indoors.Nowadays a lot of people work in office,spending most of their time indoors.例2.There are many means of getting information and they enable us to keep up with what is going on in the world.There are many means of getting information which enable us to keep up with what is going on i