中考英语代词详解.ppt

中考英语复习方案语法部分,第一篇 词法三、代词,复习要点1.代词的种类 2.人称代词的用法3.物主代词的用法 4.反身代词的用法5.指示代词的用法 6.疑问代词的用法 7.不定代词的用法1）some与any的区别 2）few,a few,little,a little在用法上的区别3）every与each的区别 4）other,the other,another,others,the others的区别5）all和both的用法8.相互代词的用法 9.关系代词的用法10.正误辨析 11.例题解析12.课时训练,知识概要 英语中代词可以分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词。人称代词主要有主格和宾格之别。,代词一览表,难点链接,人称代词的用法1.人称代词的人称、数和格。2.人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语。如：I like table tennis.（作主语）Do you know him?（作宾语）3.人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格。如：-Whos is knocking at the door?-Its me.4.人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以。如：He is older than me.He is older than I am.二.物主代词的用法1.表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。2.形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。例如：Our teacher is coming to see us.This is her pencil-box.3.名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。Our school is here,and theirs is there.（作主语）-Is this English-book yours?（作表语）-No.Mine is in my bag.Ive already finished my homework.Have you finished yours?（作宾语）,难点链接,三.反身代词的用法 英语中用来表示“我自己”，“你自己”，“他自己”，“我们自己”，“你们自己“,”他们自己等意义的代词称为反身代词，也有人称之为自身代名词。反身代词可以在句中作宾语，表语，同位语。1.作宾语，表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者，主语和宾语。指同一个人或一些人。He called himself a writer Would you please express yourself in English?2.作表语。It doesnt matterIll be myself soon The girl in the news is myself 3.作主语或宾语的同位语，表示亲自或本人。I myself washed the clothes（=I washed the clothes myself.）（作主语同位语）You should ask the teacher himself（作宾语同位语）,四.指示代词的用法 指示代词包括：this，that，these，those。1.this和these一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人，that和those则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人，例如：This is a pen and that is a pencilWe are busy these daysIn those days the workers had a hard time2.有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this 和these则是指下面将要讲 到的事物，例如：I had a cold.Thats why I didnt come.What I want to say is this;pronunciation is very important in learning English3.有时为了避免重复提到的名词，常可用that或those代替，例如：Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai4.this 在电话用语中代表自己，that 则代表对方。例如：Hello!This is Mary.Is that Jack speaking?,难点链接,难点链接,五.疑问代词的用法 疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如：Who is going to come here tomorrow?（作主语）What is that?(作表语)Whose umbrella is this?(作定语)Whom are you waiting for?(作宾语),六.不定代词的用法不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词，不定代词有：some,any，many,much,each,neither,other,another,all,both,one,none,either在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语。现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下：1.some与any的区别1）some多用于肯定句，表示“一些，几个”作形容词时，后面可以接不可数名词或可数名词（复数）。Look!Some of the students are cleaning the library.Some rice in the bag has been sold out.2）any多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中，表示“一些，任何”用作形容词时，后面可以接不可数名词或可数名词（复数）。If you have any questions,please ask me.There isnt any orange in the bottle.Have you got any tea?3）any和some也可以作代词用，表示“一些”。any多用于疑问句或否定句中，some多用于肯定句中。How many people can you see in the picture?I cant see any.If you have no money,Ill lend you some.注意：与some,any结合的词如something,somebody,someone,anything,anyone,anybody在肯定句、否定句、疑问句、条件句中的用法，大致和some,any的用法相同。,难点链接,难点链接,2.few,a few,little,a little在用法上的区别1）用作形容词，few,a few 修饰可数名词（且写成复数），little,a little 修饰不可数名词。Im going to buy a few apples.He can speak only a little Chinese.There is only a little milk in the glass.He has few friends.They had little money with them.2）a little和little也可以用作副词，a little表示“有点，稍微”，little表示“很少”。Im a little hungry.(修饰形容词hungry)Let him sleep a little.(修饰动词sleep)Mary,go a little faster,please.(修饰副词比较级)She slept very little last night.,3.every与each的区别。Each：1)可单独使用，2)可做代名词、形容词，3)着重“个别”，4)用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物。Every：1)不可单独使用，2)仅作形容词，3)着重“全体”，毫无例外，4)用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物。当我们说each child,each student或each teacher时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说every child和every student时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every的意思与all接近，表示他们都如此。The teacher gave a toy to each child.Each ball has a different colour.Every student loves the English teacher.=All students love the English teacher.Every child likes playing.=All children like playing.注意：我们可以用each of,而不能用 every of 如：Each of you can have a rest.,难点链接,难点链接,4.other,the other,another,others,the others的区别。注意：1）other可以作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是“其他的、别的”。Where are his other books?I havent any other books except this one.2）other也可以用作代词，与冠词the连用构成“the other”，表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one搭配构成“one.,the other.”句型。He has two brothers.One is 10 years old,the other is 5 years old.She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the other.,3）other作代词用时，可以有复数“others”，泛指“另外的人或物”。常与some搭配构成“some.,others.”句型。Some went to the cinema,others went swimming.This coat is too large.Show me some others,please.4）“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。We got home by 4 oclock,but the others didnt get back until 8 oclock.In our class only Tom is English,the others are Chinese.5）another可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词one.You can see another ship in the sea,cant you?Mary doesnt want to buy this skirt.Would you please show her another one?6）another也可以作代词用，表示“另一个”。Im still hungry after Ive had this cake.Please give me another.,难点链接,5.all和both的用法。1）all指三者以上，或不可数的东西。谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用作复数。在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。All of us like Mr.Pope.我们都喜欢Pope先生。（作主语）=We all like Mr.Pope.(作同位语)All the water has been used up.(作主语)Thats all for today.(作表语)Why not eat all(of)the fish?(作宾语)All the leaders are here.(作定语)2）both作代词。与其他名词或代词并列出现，表示“两个都”。Lucy and Lily both agree with us.They both passed on their sticks at the same time.How are your parents?Theyre both fine.与“of+代词（或名词）”连用，表示“两者都”。Both of them came to see Mary.Both of the books are very interesting.单独使用，表示“两者（都）”。Michael has two sons.Both are clever.I dont know which book is the better,I shall read both.3）both用作形容词，放在名词之前，修饰该名词，表示“两者都”。Both his younger sisters are our classmates.There are tall trees on both sides of the street.,难点链接,七.相互代词的用法 表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有each other 和one another两种形 式。在当代英语中，each other和one another没有什么区别。相互代词可在句中作宾语，定语。作定语用时，相互代词用所有格形式。We should learn from each other/one another.（作宾语）Do you often write to each other/one another?（作宾语）We often borrow each others/one anothers books.（作定语）The students corrected each others/one anothers mistakes in their homework.（作定语）,难点链接,八.关系代词的用法关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词，常用在宾语从句中。关系代词有 who,whose,whom,that,which.它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语.在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。例如：I hate people who talk much but do little.Im looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter.With the money that he had saved,he went on with his studies.Do you know the lady who is interviewing our headmaster?,正误辨析,1.误Toms mother is taller than my.正Toms mother is taller than mine.析形容词性物主代词可以作定语，也就是讲它可以作形容词，如：my book，而这句话的意思是：汤姆的妈妈比我的妈妈高。比较的对象是my mother,也就是mine。2.误We have a lot of homework to do today.So we need two or three hours to finish them.正We have a lot of homework to do today.So we need two or three hours to finish it.析在应用代词时，要注意人称，格与数的一致性。这里it所代替的是不可数名词homework，所以应用it。3.误He and you should go to the library to return the books.正You and he should go to the library to return the books.析这主要是英语习惯上的用法。当两个以上的人称代词并列时其排列顺序一般为you,he,she,I,而复数时为we,you，they:如男女并列时，应先男后女，如：He and she 如果在表示不好意思，承担责任时，单数时用，I,he,she,you,复数时用They,you，we,如：Tom and I are good friends.You,he and I must go to play the game for our team this afternoon.We,you and they have been there before.I,he and you have to pay for it.,正误辨析,4.误He or his brother is doing their homework.正He or his brother is doing his homework.析由eitheror,neithernor,or 连接两个主语时，如果两主语是单数时，用单数代词，如两主语是复数时，用复数代词，如：Either teachers or students want to do their best to help the old man.如是一单一复两名词时，一般将单数名词放在前，复数名词放在后，要用复数代词，如：The teacher or his students will clean their classroom together.5.误His brother is taller than him.正His brother is taller than he.析than是连词，其后应视为省略句，than he is.所以要注意区分其主格与宾格的用法。6.误 I like you as much as she.正I like you as much as her.析asas 其后也应看作是省略句。应为as I like her.所以应用宾格。而第一句应译为我像她那样喜欢你。两句语法都是对的但含义不同。7.误Myself did it yesterday.正I myself did it yesterday.正I did it myself yesterday.析反身代词不可作主语，但可以用作主语的同位语。,正误辨析,8.误Take care of ourselves.正Take care of yourselves.(yourself)析祈使句的主语应看作第二人称you.9.误Please bring your daughter with yourself.正Please bring your daughter with you.析反身代词不能作介词宾语，除非是由不及物动词与介词组成的动词短语，如：The old woman spoke to herself.10.误Make yourself home.正Make yourself at home.析这是英语中的习惯用法，意为“像在家里一样”。这样的用法还有：enjoy oneself 玩得开心make yourself at home 像在家中一样 help yourself to something 自己拿某物lost oneself 迷路 seat oneself 就坐dress oneself 穿衣11.误Whos this speaking.Thats Mary.正Whos that speaking.This is Mary.析在电话用语中，this指讲话人自己，而that指对方。12.误The days in summer are longer than this in winter.正The days in summer are longer than those in winter.析在比较句中往往为了避免重复，可以用that或those取代前面提到的事物，如是单数时用that,复数时用those，如：The weather in Beijing is hotter than that in Chang Chun.,正误辨析,13.误It is so a good book that everyone likes to read.正It is such a good book that everyone likes to read.正It is so good a book that everyone likes to read.析在可数名词单数时可用so+形容词+不定冠词+名词+that从句，也可用such+不定冠词+形容词+that从句。在不可数名词或可数名词复数时，只用such,如：It is such good weather that I want to go swimming.They are such good books that I want to buy them all.在many,much,few,little这4个词前仅能用so,如：She has so much money that she can buy everything she wants.而在so与that之间仅存形容词时，则不能用such,如:She is so sweet that everyone likes her.14.误I want to buy a same dictionary as yours.正I want to buy the same dictionary as yours.析same与定冠词the是固定搭配不可更改。这样的用法还有all the same(仍然)。15.误I hope she might pass the exam.I dont hope so.正I hope she might pass the exam.I hope not.析在作肯定回答时，I think so.I hope so.I believe so.但作否定回答时为：I dont think so.I hope/believe not.,正误辨析,16.误He studied very hard this term.So she did.正 He studied very hard this term.So did she.误 English is difficult to learn.So is it.正 English is difficult to learn.So it is.析在对话中如果某一动作同时适用于两个主语，这时在答语中要用缩写且要用倒装句。如第一组句，即studied hard既适用于he,也适用于she.但答语仅仅是对前句的重复，即仅仅是第一句的缩写时则不要用倒装句。如第二组句子为：英语难学。答语为：是的，难学。这时缩写的答语不要用倒装句。17.误Everyone should do ones best.正Everyone should do his best.析one作代词时，它的复数形式是ones,所有格形式是ones，反身代词为oneself.如果讲One should do ones best.则是对句。如果one与别的词组成其他词，如：someone,anyone,everyone或only one 则要用his/her，来作其所有格形式。18.误 Who won the game?None.正 Who won the game?No one.析由who提问的句子的否定回答中的简略说法是no one,而由How many提问的句子的否定回答中的简略语是None.如：How many books are there?None.,正误辨析,19.误There are many trees on either sides of the street.正There are many trees on either side of the street.正There are many trees on both sides of the street.析either作代词时由两个含意，其一是两者中随便哪一个，如：You can take either.其二是两者中的每一个。但要注意的是either后要加单数名词，如果作主语则谓语动词也要用单数形式。20.误Either you or I are right.正Either you or I am right.析在eitheror,或neithernor连接两个主语时，其谓语动词要与和其相近的那个主语相配。21.误I have three sisters.Neither of them is a doctor.正I have three sisters.None of them is a doctor.析neither用于两者中无一是，而none则用于多于两者中的人或事物无一是。22.误He doesnt like Beijing opera.I dont like，too.正He doesnt like Beijing opera,I dont like，either.析either作为“也”讲时，要用于否定句中，而too则用于肯定句中。,正误辨析,23.误We like both this little boy.正We both like this little boy.析both作同位语时，它在句中的位置有：在be动词之后，如：We are both students.在实意动词之前，如：The parents both want to go to the cinema.用于第一助动词之后，如：We have both read these English novels.使用时要注意以下句子的实际含意：Both of us are not right.应译为：我们俩不都对。Neither of us is right.才应译为：我俩都不对。又如：I cant give you both of the books.意为：两本书我不能全给你，而I cant give you either of the books.才为：两本书我全不能给你。24.误We each has a ticket for the concert.正We each have a ticket for the concert.析each作句子主语时其谓语动词要用单数形式，如：Each of us wants to learn English well，但each作同位语时，则应以原名词的数为准。25.误Every of us has to pass the exam.正Each of us has to pass the exam.析every只可作形容词，不可作代词，而each既可作形容词，又可作代词，在作形容词时each侧重强调个体，而every 则侧重于全体。,正误辨析,26.误Everyone of us should do housework two hours a day.正Every one of us should do housework two hours a day.析everyone不可与of结构相连接使用，而every one则可以这样用。27.误I should read English everyday.正I should read English every day.析要注意的是every day是“每天”，而everyday则是形容词为“日常的”。如：everyday English日常英语，everyday life日常生活。28.误There are trees on every sides of the street.正There are trees on each side of the street.析every用于三者或三者以上的每一个，而each用于二者或二者以上的每一个。因为街道只有两侧，所以只能用each而不能用every.29.误All my parents are engineers.正Both my parents are engineers.析all用于三者或三者以上的全部，而both 则用于两者的全部。30.误All of students might make some mistakes.正All of the students might make some mistakes.正All students might make some mistakes.析非特指的名词前可用all但不可用all of结构，也就是讲all of结构后面的名词前一定要有定冠词。其他与all有关的习惯用法还有：all the year round,all week,all day,all winter,正误辨析,31.误The all village was flooded.正All the village was flooded.析all作修饰语时要用在所有修饰词之前。32.误The post office is on another side of the street.正The post office is on the other side of the street.析单数可数名词如在泛指某一个时用another,而特指时则要用the other,因街道只有两边，而不在这边必定是在另一边，所以要用特指。33.误There are ten students here,Where are the others students?正There are ten students here.Where are the others?正There are ten students here,Where are the other students?析the others=the other students.34.误The old man has two sons.One is a teacher,another is a doctor.正The old man has two sons.One is a teacher,the other is a doctor.析another用于泛指，如：Is it far from here to the station?Im sorry.I have no idea.One may say it is quite near;another may say it is far from here.但在特指时则要用the other.,正误辨析,35.误Some people like sports.The others like reading.正Some people like sports.Others like reading.析在泛指的复数名词前用someothersothers来表示某些人某些人某些人。36.误Please remember to water the flowers each other day.正Please remember to water the flowers every other day.析every other day为每隔一天。是习惯用法，不要随意改动。又如：on the other hand另一方面。37.误Many know him，but few likes him.正Many know him,but few like him.析few用于可数名词，意为几乎没有，但few作主语时谓语动词则要用复数形式，而a few为有一些。38.误You have few friends,havent you?正You have few friends,have you?析little与few用于句中时，均要按否定句看待。39.误Much of what you said are true.正Much of what you said is true.析much用于不可数名词，作主语时用单数谓语动词。而many用于可数名词，它作主语时用复数形式的谓语动词。,正误辨析,40.误This room is enough large for the students to live in.正This room is large enough for the students to live in.析enough 可以用作代词，如：There is enough of the food.又如：Enough has been done for the work，但enough 还可以作形容词来修饰名词，这时enough可以放在名词之前，也可放在名词之后，如：money enough 与enough money都是对的。但当enough作副词修饰形容词时，则只能置于形容词之后了。41.误I want any books to read.Do you have any?正I want some books to read.Do you have any?析按照语法any用于疑问句和否定句，而some用于肯定句。42.误Would you like any thing to drink?正Would you like something to drink?析在由would you like发出的问句中，表达了说话者真心实意要为对方提供些饮料，或在说话者想得到对方的肯定答复时，在疑问句中要用some而不用any。43.误Someone want to meet you.正Someone wants to meet you.析不定代词应被看作单数，即使用and连接两个不定代词，也要看作单数，如：Anyone and everyone has the right.任何人，每一个人都有这样的权力。,正误辨析,44.误New York is much colder in winter than before.正It is much colder in New York in winter than before.析it常常用在英文的句子中来代表时间、距离、天气、自然现象，或用在句中作形式主语或宾语，如：It is ten oclock now.(代时间)It is far from here to the airport.(代距离)It is very hot.(代天气)It is very difficult to learn English well.(作形式主语)We found it very difficult to answer the question.(作形式宾语)45.误Be careful.Dont drink too many.正Be careful.Dont drink too much.析这里much所代的应是饮料或水，所以应为不可数名词。,例题解析,1 These are books.Yours are over there.A I B my C me D mine答案B.析这里应用形容词性物主代词。2 is she?She is a teacher.A What B How C Who D Where答案A.析这里的四个疑问词放在问句中全都成立，但其意义不同。What is she?应译为“她的工作是什么?”或“她是做什么的?”而How is she?应译为“她身体如何?”而Who is she?应译为“她是谁?”其答语应为“她叫什么名字。”而Where is she?应为“她在什么地方?”由答语决定了这道题的选择。3 is wrong with my watch.It has stopped.A Something,working B Something,to workC Any thing,working D Anything,to work答案A.析因为是肯定句所以应用