科技英语被动语态的特点及翻译方法.ppt

科技英语被动语态的特点及翻译方法,科技英语中被动语态的特点,被动语态是一种动词形式,表示动词的主语与该动词所表示的动作之间的主动和被动关系。当主语是动作的执行者,即主语为施事者时动词用主动语态,如果主语是动作的承受者也称受事者时动词使用被动语态。被动语态把所要论证、说明的科技问题放在句子的主语位置上,就更能引起人们的注意。此外,被动语态比主动语态更少主观色彩,这正是科技作品所需要的。因此在科技英语中,凡是在不需要或不可能指出行为主体的场合,或者在需要突出行为客体的场合都使被动句。,科技英语中被动语态的特点,被动语态一般用在以下情形：1.为了突出论述的话题,将所要论证、说明的科技问题放在句子主语位置,引起人们的注意,预示话题的发展方向。如:Gears are used to transmit power positively from oneshaft to anothers by means of successively engaging teeth.Much progress has been made in electrical engineering in less thana century.,科技英语中被动语态的特点,2.不必或无法指出动作发出者。如:To get all the stages off the ground,a first big push is needed.Much of the energy is absorbed as the sun s rays pass through our atmosphere.3.语篇的连贯要求使用被动语态。如:He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.,科技英语中被动语态的特点,4.在被动语态句中施动者可以不直接出现,从而给人以对事不对人的感觉,不至于感到说话人有一种盛气凌人的感觉,使措辞得当,语气委婉。如:All of the attention must be given to possible uses of atomic energy.Account should be taken of the low melting point of this substance.,被动语态的翻译准则和方法,在对科技英语进行翻译时要注意其特点,它不像翻译文学作品,要求译出原作者的风格、笔调,保持原作的艺术形象。笔者认为,翻译时应遵循“忠实”和“通顺”两个准则。“忠实”即译文应忠实于原文,准确地、完整地、科学地表达原文的内容,译者不得任意对原文内容加以歪曲、增删、遗漏和篡改,不做主观渲染,不用带感情色彩的词汇。“通顺”是说译文应当符合中文的语法要求,使读者看起来通俗易懂。在科技翻译中,要达到融会贯通,必须了解相关的科技知识,掌握同一事物的中英文表达方式。单纯靠对语言的把握也能传达双方的语言信息,但运用语言的灵活性特别是选词的准确性会受到很大限制。要解决这个问题,翻译人员就要积极主动地熟悉这个科技领域的相关知识。,被动语态的翻译准则和方法,1.译成汉语主动句。(1)用“人们”、“大家”、“有人”、“我们”等含有泛指意义的词作主语,从而使汉语译文呈“兼语式”句式。The mechanism of fever production is not completely understood.人们还不完全清楚发烧的产生机理。Sun is known to rise in the east.我们都知道,太阳从东方升起。He was seen to have turned off the current.有人看见他把电流断开了。,被动语态的翻译准则和方法,(2)由 it 引导的主语从句,译成无人称或不定人称句。It is said that the production of transistor radios was increased sixtimes from 1970 to 1974.据说从 1970 年至 1974 年间,晶体管收音机的产量增长了五倍。It is demonstrated that the conductivity of silver is higher than thatof cipper.已经证明银的导电率比铜的导电率高。这类句型还有:It is reported/supposed/must be admitted/pointed out that据报道/据推测/必须承认/必须指出It is believed/generally considered/well-known that有人相信/大家认为/众所周知,被动语态的翻译准则和方法,(3)当被动语态中的主语为无生命的名词或由 under、in、on 等少数几个介词短语构成时,译成主动句。That computer is under repair.那台计算机正在修理。A new design method is on trial.这种新的设计方法正在试用。This kind of electronic equipment is in great demand.这种电子设备需求量很大。The plan is being carried out.计划正在实施。,被动语态的翻译准则和方法,(4)当 need、want、require 等动词后接主动形式的动名词,表示被动意义时,译成主动句。This device needs repairing.这套设备需要修理。This phenomenon is worth mentioning.这一现象值得一提。,被动语态的翻译准则和方法,2.译成汉语被动句。(1)译成明显的“被”字句,通常带有“by+动作发出者”或“bealled”。The number of TTL devices that one TTL output will drive is calledanout.一个 TTL输出所能驱动的 TTL装置的数量被称为输出能力。Gears are used in place of belt drivers and other forms of frictionrivers.齿轮(传动)被用来代替带传动及其他的一些摩擦传动形势。In this case,the molecule is polarized by the field.扎起这种情况下,该分子被场极化了。,被动语态的翻译准则和方法,(2)译成“由、由组成、用、用于”等,通常带有“be made up of”、“be composed of”、“be used in/to”。The magnetic field is produced by an electric current.磁场由电流产生。Usually alloy is composed of a base metal(the largest part of the alloy)and a smaller amount of other metals.通常,合金由一种贱金属(合金中最多的那部分)和少量的其他金属组成。They are used to support and position a shaft and to reduce the friction created by the rotating part,particularly when under load.它们用于轴的支承、定位,并降低由转动件带来的摩擦,特别是在载荷作用下。,被动语态的翻译准则和方法,(3)译成判断句式“是的”。如果英语句子本身所强调的是与某一静态动作有关的具体情况,如时间、地点、方式、方法等;或着重说一件事情是“怎样做”、“什么时候、什么地点做”的等,这时我们就可以把这些情况放在“是的”这种判断句式中,使之突出。这种判断句式能够清楚地表达作者的意图和客观事实。Everything in the world is built up from atoms.世间万物都是由原子构成的。The AIDS virus was found in human white blood cells in 1983.艾滋病病毒是 1983 年在人体白血球内发现的。Iron is extracted form the ore of the blast furnace.铁是用高炉从铁矿中提炼出来的。,被动语态的翻译准则和方法,(4)在谓语动词前面添加“予以”、“加以”、“受到”、“得以”等词。The translation technique should be paid enough attention to.翻译技巧应予以足够的重视。Other mistakes of this dictionary will be corrected in the next edition.这本辞典的其他错误将在下一版中予以修正。Coal and oil are the remains of plants and animals.Crude mineralores and crude oil must be purified before they can be used.煤和石油是动植物的残骸。原矿石和原油必须加以精炼才能使用。The temperature must be controlled to produce the desired qualities in the steel.为了得到(人们)想要的性能,热处理时钢的温度必须加以控制。Technology have been rapidly developed because of the discovery of electricity.由于电的发现,科学技术得以迅速发展。Teachers should be respected.教师应受到尊重。,被动语态的翻译准则和方法,3.译成汉语无主句。当无法知道或无法说出动作发出者时,往往可以把英语的被动语态译成汉语的无主句。To get all the stages off the ground,a first big push is needed.为了使火箭各级全部离开地面,需要有一个巨大的第一推动力。Work is done,when an object is lifted.当举起一个物体时,就做了功。Attention must be paid to safety in handling radio active materials.处理放射性材料时必须注意安全。,被动语态的翻译准则和方法,总之,英语中被动语态的翻译不能一概采用所谓“语言等值”的顺译法,而必须根据汉语的语法和习惯,发挥汉语的优势,用规范化的汉语表达方式,忠实而恰当地反映出原作语言的真实涵义,使译文的形式与原文内容辨证地统一起来,才能收到良好的翻译效果。,谢谢观赏,Make Presentation much more fun,