非谓语动词(动词-ing形式和动词-ed形式).ppt

,非谓语动词（动词-ing形式和动词-ed 形式）,性质 非谓语动词具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语，即：除谓语以外的一切成分。,非谓语动词时态&语态对照表,v.-ing 1作主语 Seeing is believing.注意：it作形式主语时，可用动词不定式，但下列句型常用动名词：It is+no good(no use,fun,a waste of time)+doing,2作表语 His job is washing and cooking.3作定语 This is her fathers walking stick.4作宾语 When he came in,we all stopped talking.注意：mind,miss,excuse,enjoy,escape consider,admit(承认)，advise,appreciate,avoid,finish,face,practise,suggest,stop,delay,imagine,include,keep,quit,resist,pay attention to等动词以及介词后接动名词作宾语。,C,跟踪演练Bill suggested _ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.A.having heldB.to holdC.holdingD.hold【解析】选C。suggest后面要接动名词作宾语，A项是动名词的完成式表示发生在谓语动词suggested之前的 一个动作，由句意可知不合题意。,5.作状语：时间状语：Reading the letter,I couldnt help thinking of my school life.原因状语：Being ill,I didnt go to school yesterday.方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.,跟踪演练A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city,_all four people on board.A.killedB.killingC.killsD.to kill【解析】选B。句中逗号后没有任何连词，因此不是并列谓语，可排除A项；C项时态不对也可排除；现在分词killing可作状语表示飞机坠毁的结果，而不定式作结果状语时往往用only to do形式。,B,playing,having kept,6v.-ing的时态：一般式和完成式（1）如果动作没明确表示出时间是与谓语同时发生或在谓语之前发生，用一般式。We are interested in _ chess.（2）如果动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用完成式。Im sorry for not _ my promise.（3）在某些词后，常用一般式，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的。On hearing the bad news,she cried.Ill never forget seeing that film for the first time.,7.v.-ing 的语态doing being donehaving done having been done（1）He was afraid of _ at home.（2）The house showed no sign of _.注意：有些v.-ing在句中虽是主动形式，却有被动含义。The house requires/needs/wants repairing.The book is worth reading.,being left,having been damaged,8.固定句型(1)There is no use/good/sense/harmdoing sth.做某事没用(不好/没意义/没有害处)(2)have difficulty/trouble/problems/a hard time/a good time/fun(in)doing(3)spend/waste/lose time(in)doing sth.(4)There is no.doing sth.(there is no 表“不可能”),9.使用v.-ing的几个注意点(1)作状语用的现在分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事。例如：Standing on top of the tall building,we could see the whole city.（正）(StandingWhen we stood)Standing on top of the tall building,the whole city could be seen.（误）,(2)短暂动词（即瞬间动词）的现在分词被动式不可作宾语补足语或定语。例如：He saw the old man knocked down by the car.(knocked down不可改为being knocked down或having been knocked down),v.-ed 形式1.作定语：The stolen car was found by the police last week.2.作表语：The glass is broken./When I got to the classroom,the door was locked.3.作宾语补足语：You must get/have your hair cut.4.作状语：Given more time,we can do the work much better.,跟踪演练1.Now that weve discussed our problem,are people happy with the decisions _?A.takingB.take C.taken D.to take【解析】选C。句意：既然我们已经讨论了我们的问题，人们对我们做的决定满意吗？decision和take之间是被动关系，而A、B、D三项均表示主动，不合题意。,C,C,2._by the advances in technology,many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.A.Being encouragedB.Encouraging C.EncouragedD.Having encouraged【解析】选C。encourage与主句主语many farmers之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，因此应用被动形式，故排除B、D两项；A项表示该动作正在进行，不符合题意；Encouraged by the advances in technology为过去分词短语作原因状语。,v.-ing被动式与过去分词用法的区别1.作宾语时，v.-ing的一般被动式表示一个正在发生的被动动作，过去分词则表示一个已发生过的被动动作或没有时间性的状态。例如：Do you see the hospital built(建好的)/being built(正在建造的)there?2.作原因状语，v.-ing被动式与过去分词可以互换。例如：Being led(Led)by the Party,the Chinese people have won great victories.3.作方式或伴随状语，不用v.-ing被动式，而用过去分词。例如：The soldiers lay on the ground,covered with nothing.,4.作时间状语，若动作先于句子的谓语动作发生，且有具体的过去时间，不可用v.-ing一般被动式或完成被动式。例如：Built in 1192,the bridge was very useful.如果没有具体的过去时间状语，可用过去分词或v.-ing完成被动式。例如：Discussed(Having been discussed)many times,the problem was settled at last.如果要强调分词状语的动作发生的时间在谓语动作之前，则宜用v.-ing完成被动式，而不用过去分词。例如：Not having been invited,she had to stay at home.,5.在have,get之后宜用过去分词作宾语补足语，不用v.-ing被动式或不定式被动式作宾语补足语。例如：Ill have my hair cut.(cut不能改为being cut或be cut)He got his watch repaired.(repaired不能改为being repaired或to be repaired)6.在make,order,want,like,wish等动词后，多用过去分词作宾语补足语，少用v.-ing被动式作宾语补足语。例如：The speaker couldnt make himself heard.(一般不说being heard),7.心理状态动词的-ing形式与-ed形式 所谓心理状态动词是指含有使动意义，使人产生某种情感、心理变化的动词。例如：surprise使惊讶；interest使感兴趣。它们的-ing形式含主动意义，-ed形式含被动意义。皆可视为形容词。例如：surprising令人惊讶的；interesting令人感兴趣的；surprised（因）感到惊讶的；interested（因）感兴趣的。下面的句子可显示两者的区别：The film is so interesting that they are all interested in it.She was much surprised at the surprising news.,8.get,become,look,seem,appear,remain等系动词后都可跟done,表示被动或主语的状态，如remain seated/hidden,get paid/dressed/changed/stuck/hurt/injured/burnt等。注：常用be done介词短语表示所处的状态，如下：be addicted to沉迷于be absorbed in全神贯注于be aimed at旨在/意图be armed with有装备be buried in埋葬在,be based on/upon以 为基础be burdened with担负着be crowded with挤满了be covered with/by覆盖着be coated with涂抹了be combined with与联合,be compared with与相比较be caught in陷入 be lost in沉迷于be concerned about关心be dressed in穿着be devoted to专心致志于be divided into分成(几份/几组)be designed/meant/intended for 专为而设计be engaged in忙于,be engaged to sb.与某人订婚be fixed on专注于 be faced with面临着be filled with装满了be greeted with受到了问候be grown up 已经长大了 be hidden in躲在be linked to与有关,be connected with与相连/有关be made of/from/up of 由制成/组成be known as/for/to以著称/因著名/为所知be loaded with载有,be located in/on/at位于be married(to sb.)与某人结婚be paved with铺着be replaced with更换为be related to/with与有关be separated from与隔开be shouldered with肩负着be stationed in驻扎在 be surrounded with/by四周环绕着,9.固定用法generally/frankly/roughly speaking一般说来/坦白说/粗略地说considering 鉴于/考虑到judging by/from从来看，依据来判断supposing/suppose that假定providing that 假定according to依据,including包括owing to由于talking/speaking of 谈及 given考虑到provided that如果,10.连词分词(短语)有时为了使非谓语动词短语与主句的逻辑关系更清楚，可在非谓语动词前加连词。连词有when，while，if，unless，though，after,before,as等。但分词的主语和主句的主语必须一致。,（1）感官动词带宾语补足语的结构,see,observe，hear,notice,watch,feel，look at,listen to,宾语,do sth.(主动，全过程或经常性动作)doing(主动，正在进行)done(与宾语是被动关系),注意:若感官动词在被动语态中，则要还原to。,11.分词作宾语补足语,(2)get/send 带宾语补足语的结构get/send宾语doing表示“使起来”，动作由静止到运动并持续下去。get宾语to dolet/have sb.do表示“让某人做某事”。get宾语donehave sth.done表示“使某事被做”。send宾语to do表示“派某人去做某事”。(3)make带宾语补足语的结构使役动词make宾语do/done；宾语与do为主动关系，与done是被动关系；若make 在被动语态中，要还原to。,（4）have带宾语补足语的结构,have宾语,to do意为“有某事要做”(主语本人做)to be done意为“有要做的事情”(不是主语本人做)do意为“让某人做某事”doing意为“让某人一直做某事”done意为“让人做了某事”或“遭遇某事”,（5）keep/leave宾语doing(主动,且持续进行)/done(被动)（6）catch宾语doing表示“发现某人正在做某事”，宾语与doing为主动关系，且动作正在进行。（7）find宾语doing(主动，正在进行)/done(被动、状态或完成),课堂小结英语非谓语动词题的七条经典原则原则一：用作目的状语，原则上要用不定式原则二：用作伴随状语，原则上要用现在分词原则三：用作结果状语时，可用-ing或不定式原则四：凡是含有被动意义时，原则上要用过去分词原则五：非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语原则上应与主句主语保持一致,原则六：强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前时，原则上要用完成时原则七：用于名词后作定语时，原则是：用不定式，表示动作尚未发生;用-ing，表示动作正在进行;用过去分词，表示动作已经发生，同时表示被动意义,分析句子结构,辨别“谓语与非谓语”找逻辑主语 一般来说，作状语的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是句子的主语；非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。作宾语补足语的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是宾语；作定语的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是被修饰词。分析语态 分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。,D,跟踪演练1._many times,he finally understood it.A.ToldB.TellingC.Having toldD.Having been told【解析】选D。此处为非谓语动词作状语，与句子主语he之间为被动关系，故可排除B、C两项。根据前后 句的逻辑关系，非谓语动词应用完成时态表示动作发生在句子谓语动词understood之前。故选D。,C,2.The play _ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.A.produced B.being producedC.to be produced D.having been produced【解析】选C。句意：下月将要完成的那个戏剧主要是为了反映当地的文化。play与produce之间为被动关系，又因next month为将来的时间，而A项指过去已完成的动作；B项指正在被完成的动作；而D项经常作状语，也表示已经完成的动作，均可排除，故选C。,3.Hurry up,Mary!Its time to go.Im getting _.Have a little patience.A.dressB.dressingC.to dress D.dressed【解析】选D。考查非谓语动词。句意：玛丽,快点，我们该走了。稍等一下，我正在穿衣服呢。get dressed 是一个固定词组，表示“穿衣服”。故选D。,D,A,4.He is rather difficult to make friends with,but his friendship,_,is more true than any others.A.once gainedB.when to gainC.after gainingD.while gaining【解析】选A。这里“once gained”是once the friendship is gained 的省略形式，由此可知，the friendship 与gain 之间存在被动关系，故选A。,5.With a report _ about the accident,I have to find some witnesses for help.A.writeB.writing C.written D.to write【解析】选D。考查非谓语动词。with 后面的非谓语动词有三种形式，过去分词常用来表示动作的完成或被动，现在分词表示主动或进行，不定式表示动作还没有发生。从“I have to find some witnesses for help”可知关于这次事故的报告还没有写，故选D。,D,1.(2013浙江高考)_ how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.A.Hearing B.HearC.Having heard D.To be hearing【解析】选A。考查非谓语动词的用法。句意:听到别人对你刚读过的书的反应会增添一份喜悦。该句的谓语动词为creates,you have just read是修饰book的定语从句,空格处需要的是句子的主语,该动作又是一个主动的动作,所以该主语应该用动名词短语充当,故选A。非谓语动词短语的动作和主句谓语动作几乎同时发生,C项完成形式的时间与句意不符。,高考链接,2.(2013江苏高考)Lionel Messi,_ the record for the most goals in a calendar year,is considered the most talented football player in Europe.A.setB.settingC.to setD.having set【解析】选D。考查非谓语动词。句意:里奥内尔梅西曾在一年内创造最多得分记录,因此他被认为是欧洲最有天赋的足球运动员。由句子谓语动词is considered可知此题考查非谓语动词形式,主语与set之间为主谓关系,且表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前,故用现在分词的完成式形式。,3.(2013天津高考10)In some languages,100 words make up half of all words_ in daily conversations.A.usingB.to useC.having usedD.used【解析】选D。考查非谓语动词。句意:在一些语言中,100个单词就能组成日常交际中所用到的一半的词汇。分析句子成分可知,use作words的定语,words与use之间是被动关系,故选D。,4.(2013安徽高考32)in the early 20th century,the school keeps on inspiring childrens love of art.A.To foundB.FoundingC.FoundedD.Having founded【解析】选C。考查非谓语动词。句意:这所建于20世纪初期的学校一直激励孩子们对艺术的热爱。本句主语是the school,与found之间是被动关系,故用过去分词作状语,故选C。,5.(2012全国卷28)The party will be held in the garden,weather _.A.permitting B.to permit C.permitted D.permit【解析】选A。考查独立主格结构。句意:如果天气允许,晚会就在花园里举行。根据句子结构可知,此处weather permitting是独立主格结构,相当于if weather permits。,6.(2012重庆高考23)_to work overtime that evening,I missed a wonderful film.A.Having been asked B.To ask C.Having asked D.To be asked,【解析】选A。考查非谓语动词。句意:我那天晚上因为被要求加班而错过了一场精彩的电影。非谓语动词和逻辑主语I之间是被动关系,且所表达的动作发生在谓语动词missed之前,故应用现在分词的完成被动形式。having been asked既表被动,又表完成,在句中作原因状语;to ask表主动和目的;having asked表完成和主动;to be asked表被动和目的。故选A。,7.(2012安徽高考24)I remembered _ the door before I left the office,but forgot to turn off the lights.A.locking B.to lock C.having locked D.to have locked【解析】选B。考查非谓语动词。句意:在离开办公室前我记住了关门,但是忘记了关灯。remember to do sth.意为“记住要去做某事”,remember doing sth.意为“记得以前做过某事”。本题是对发生在过去情况的客观陈述,根据but可知前后是互相对立的两件事情,即“记住了关门而忘记了关灯”,故选择B项。,8.(2012湖南高考23)Time,_correctly,is money in the bank.A.to use B.used C.using D.use【解析】选B。考查非谓语动词。句意:时间如果用得正确的话,就是存在银行里的钱。time与use构成逻辑上的动宾关系,故用过去分词形式表被动。B项为过去分词形式,符合题意;A项为动词不定式;C项为现在分词形式;D项为动词原形。,