钾代谢及钾代谢障碍.ppt
Pathophysiology Department Medical College of Nanchang University,钾在体内的含量与分布,90%,ICF(140160mmolL),Distribution of potassium,7.6%,1.4%,钾代谢紊乱,为什么细胞内外钾离子浓度相差甚远?,钾代谢紊乱,体外,食物,肾、结肠、皮肤,ECF,50120mmol/day,90%,10%,血钾的来源和去路,低钾血症Hypokalemia,低钾血症,【Definition】,A decrease in serum K+levels below 3.5 mmolL,血清钾浓度低于3.5 mmolL,缺钾(Potassium deficiency),体钾总量缺失/细胞内缺钾,Deficiency in intracellular,低钾血症,【Causes and mechanism】,Imbalance of Intra-and Extra-body of Potassium,体内外钾失衡,Imbalance of Intra-and Extra-cellular Potassium,细胞内外钾失衡,Imbalance of Intra-and Extra-body of Potassium,1钾摄入不足(Decreased K+intake),钾来源减少,不吃也排,Hypokalemia,见于:神经性厌食、消化道梗阻、昏迷、手术后较长时间禁食的患者、某些肿瘤患者化疗后食欲减退者,低钾血症,消化道丢K+是婴幼儿引起低钾血症的最常见的病因。,低钾血症,低钾血症,(1)经胃、肠道失钾(Gastrointestinal losses),2.失钾过多(Increased K+excretion),(2)经肾丢钾(Excessive renal losses),利尿剂的使用不当,低钾血症,盐皮质激素分泌过多,(3)经肾丢钾(Excessive renal losses),肾小管性酸中毒,近曲小管重吸收HCO3、K+障碍 K+、HCO3丢失,远曲小管H+泵障碍 H+-Na+Na+-K+,镁缺失,低钾血症,Imbalance of Intra-and Extra-cellular Potassium,(Increased movement of potassium into cells),泵多漏少,(1)碱中毒(Alkalosis),(2)过量胰岛素使用(Administration of glucose with insulin),(4)低钾性周期性麻痹(Hypokalemic periodic paralysis),(5)毒物中毒(Barium poisoning),低钾血症,(3)-肾上腺素能受体活性增强,【Effects on body】,与钾的生理功能密切相关,低钾血症,【Effects on body】,与膜电位异常相关的障碍,1、对神经-肌肉的影响,神经肌肉兴奋性,?,低钾血症,与膜电位相关的几个概念,极化,去极化,超极化,复极化,静息电位时膜两侧保持的内负外正状态,膜内负电位值减少的状态,膜内负电位值增大的状态,细胞先发生去极化,然后向安静时膜内电位所处负值恢复,急性K+外,细胞内外K+浓度差,根据Nernst方程,静息电位负值,静息电位与阈电位差距,兴奋性,超极化阻滞(hyperpolarized blocking),Mechanism,低钾血症,Clinical manifestation,轻度低钾血症(血清钾3.0mmol/L),CNS:萎靡、倦怠骨骼肌:四肢无力胃肠道平滑肌:食欲不振、肠蠕动、肠鸣音,重度低钾血症(血清钾2.5mmol/L),CNS:嗜睡、昏迷。骨骼肌:软瘫肌张力、腱反射消失、肌细胞坏死。胃肠道平滑肌:腹胀、麻痹性肠梗阻。呼吸肌:麻痹,低钾血症,生理特性改变,急性低钾,心肌细胞膜对钾的通透性降低,钾外流减少,兴奋性(Excitation),低钾血症,自律性(Automaticity),低钾血症,急性低钾,心肌细胞膜对钾通透性,钾外流减少,钠内流相对加速,收缩性(Contraction),急性低钾,心肌细胞膜对钙通透性,心肌细胞膜对钾通透性,钙内流加速,兴奋-收缩耦联,收缩性,传导性(Conduction),低血钾,Em负值变小,期除极速度减慢,传导性降低,期除极幅度降低,急性低钾血症对心肌“四性”影响的机制小结,与细胞代谢障碍相关的损害,肾损害(Kidney damage),【Structure】缺钾初期:髓质集合管出现小管上皮细胞肿胀、增生等。长期、严重缺钾:损害可波及各段肾小管,甚至肾小球。,对酸硷平衡的影响(Effects on the acid-base balance),碱中毒,酸性尿,反常性酸性尿机制图,防治原则,方式:口服静脉滴注,禁止静推,原则:四不宜过早(见尿给钾)过多(40-120mmol/D)过快(10-20mmol/h)过浓(20-40 mmol/L)补血钾易,补细胞内钾难,高钾血症Hyperkalemia,【Definition】,血清钾浓度5.5mmolL,A serum K+level greater than 5.5mmolL,【Causes and mechanism】,Imbalance of Intake and Excretion of Potassium,1摄钾过多(Increased intake of potassium),见于:静脉补钾过多过快,2排钾减少(Decreased renal excretion of potassium),Imbalance of Intra-and Extra-cellular Potassium,泵少漏多,(l)酸中毒(Acidosis)(2)大量溶血或组织损伤、坏死(3)严重组织缺氧(4)高血糖合并胰岛素不足(5)高钾血症型周期性麻痹(Hyperkalemia periodic paralysis),【Effects on body】,1对神经肌肉的影响(Effects on excitability),轻度高钾,K+e-K+i差变小,+外流,Em负值,神经肌肉兴奋性,手足感觉异常、疼痛、膝反射亢进、肌肉震颤,兴奋性先后,严重高钾,Em显著,钠通道失活,AP形成障碍,神经肌肉兴奋性反而降低,肌肉无力、膝反射减弱,甚至出现呼吸肌麻痹,除极化阻滞(hypopolarized blocking),兴奋性,K+5.57.0mmol/L,心肌细胞膜对钾的通透性,但静息期心肌细胞对钾已处于最大通透状态,高钾,细胞内外浓度差降低,钾外流减少,Em负值减少,Em-Et间距缩小,K+7.0mmol/L,血钾过高,Em负值明显减少,EmEt,快钠通道失活,自律性,兴奋性,传导性,收缩性,急性高钾血症对心肌“四性”影响的机制小结,对酸硷平衡的影响(Effects on the acid-base balance),酸中毒,碱性尿,反常性碱性尿机制图,防治原则(Principle of prevention and treatment),低钾血症与高钾血症的比较,3.5mmol/L,5.5mmol/L,进少出多泵多漏少,进多出少泵少漏多,超极化阻滞,去极化阻滞,三高一低,三低一高/四低,补钾,排钾,呼吸肌麻痹,心室纤颤,高血钾对骨骼肌的影响,返回,