癫痫发病原理与诊断.ppt
,癫痫的诊断依据,临床表现:发作性意识障碍抽搐或伴感觉、精神或植物神经功能障碍脑电图特点:发作性 vs 持久性痫样放电,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,癫痫脑电图,神经科各种先进检查技术已有突飞猛进的发展,如CT、MRl、SPECT及DSA等,不仅能看见大脑的形态结构,而且能了解大脑的功能,提示癫痫病灶位置等,为寻找癫痫发病原因和手术切除癫痫病灶提供了科学证据。但在癫痫诊断方面这些并不能替代脑电图检查,因为癫痫发病的基础是脑神经细胞的异常放电,只有EEG能发现这种异常脑电活动。,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,癫痫脑电图,脑电图可以帮助医生确定患者是不是癫痫。确定是什么类型的癫痫。是否需要服用抗癫痫药物,选择哪一种抗癫痫药物。是否可以减停抗癫痫药物,停药后复发的风险如何。,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,癫痫脑电图,癫痫病人不仅在发作时有异常脑电图,约50%的病人在发作间歇期也可看到异常脑电活动,统称为痫样放电。痫样放电的特点的在基本电活动上突然产生的,一般是高波幅的电活动。,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,各种癫痫发作的脑电图,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,强直-阵挛性发作:发作间期的脑电图,在强直-阵挛性发作间歇期,7080%病人的脑电图有不同程度的异常:1发作性异常波 2非发作性异常波 异常脑电图一般频繁发作者容易出现,而发作间期长者例如一年左右一次者,脑电图可以正常。,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,广泛性(全面性)多棘慢复合波阵发,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Generalize Spike Wave Discharge,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,癫痫发作期的脑电图表现,与发作间期痫样放电相似,是这种发作间期痫性放电的延续。有些则与发作间期的脑电图表现完全不同,出现一种全新的脑电图模式:脑电低平;募集节律;爆发性放电,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Ictal EEG,Abnormal rhythm with sudden,steep increase in amplitudeAssociated with increase/decrease in frequency contentMay vary considerably from seizure to seizure hard to detect,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Abnormal rhythm with sudden,steep increase in amplitude,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,reading,Perception of fear,Altered consciousness,Right hemi-sphere,Left hemi-sphere,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,肌阵挛发作,为突然发生的快速有力的“电击状”肌肉收缩常致快速跌倒整个发作过程大约0.2秒EEG:全导高波幅多棘慢波短程爆发。EMG:一过性肌电爆发(100ms)。可见于多种良性或非良性全面性癫痫综合征。,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,肌阵挛发作Myoclonic Seizure and Polyspike Wave,Jerk,Jerk,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,失神发作,典型表现为规律性的反复出现而波幅一致的频率3次/S(254次/S)的棘波与慢波特殊结合通常为两侧半球同步性放电,在额顶区较明显,且电压较高,可达300 V左右,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,全面性3Hz棘慢复合波节律暴发,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,This EEG displays an abnormal discharge called a generalized spike and wave.This EEG pattern is typical for absence seizures.,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Absence:3 Hz Spike and Wave,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Atypical Absence Seizures,The ictal symptoms fluctuated and consisted of staring,head nodding and automatisms.The ictal discharge consisted of slow GSWD at 22.5 Hz.,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,失神发作继发GTCS,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,失张力发作,临床表现:低头、弯腰、屈膝,向后快速跌倒坐地。持续数秒钟或数分钟。EEG:弥漫性棘慢波或广泛性电压抑制。EMG:一过性电静息。常见于Lennox-Gastaut 综合征。,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,肌阵挛后失张力,Video EEG of a Doose Syndrome 6-Year-Old Normal Boy withSome jerks were followed by atonic attacks.The EEG also showed brief(0.5 s)abortive generalised discharges of polyspikes at around 15 Hz,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,临床表现:突然发生的意识丧失,全身肌肉强直收缩,固定于某种姿势5-20秒多表现为突然低头、弯腰、四肢强直伸展,致跌倒EEG:广泛性1020Hz快节律EMG:持续性肌电爆发(持续数秒)常见于Lennox-Gastaut 综合征睡眠中短暂的强直发作睡眠中突然睁眼,双眼向上凝视,持续数秒EEG为广泛性1020HZ棘波节律常被家长忽视如持续时间长,可见轴性强直见于LGS,强直发作,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,EEG fast paroxysms are associated with inconspicuous manifestations of tonic seizures(slight tonic eyelid opening)that would be impossible to detect without videoEEG recording.,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,A tonic seizure manifesting with mild clinical symptoms occurs during marked paroxysmal fast activity.Turning of the head and symmetrical flattening of the EEG follow this.,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,轻微强直发作,Fast paroxysms often contain rhythms faster than 10 Hz in LennoxGastaut syndrome.,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,痉挛发作,最常见于West综合征也可见于其他婴儿癫痫综合征:Ohtahara综合征特殊的发作形式(点头、四肢屈曲或伸展)多数为成串发作,也可单次发作持续时间1-3秒,比肌阵挛发作(0.2秒)慢,比强直发作(5-20秒)快发作间期EEG为高度失律(高峰节律紊乱)发作期EEG:快波节律;高幅慢波;广泛去同步化,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Ohtahara综合征也称大田原综合征,大田原综合征的起病年龄在3个月之内,多数早至1个月之内。主要发作类型为痉挛性发作,可以为成串发作,类似婴儿痉挛发作,也可仅为单次痉挛。清醒和睡眠期均可有发作。其他发作形式如部分运动性发作、半侧惊厥发作也可出现,但很少有肌阵挛发作。患儿有严重的精神运动发育落后或停滞。神经影像学常有明显的异常发现。暴发抑制是大田原综合征的特征性表现,也是本症重要的诊断依据。睡眠及清醒时持续存在。也可为不对称或不同步的爆发一抑制。本症与婴儿痉挛症的主要鉴别点为后者起病年龄稍晚(高峰为4-6个月),EEG主要表现为高峰节律紊乱。,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Ohtahara syndrome,FIG.1.Interictal EEG of a 2-month-old boy with Ohtahara syndrome shows bilaterally synchronous suppression-burst pattern both during(above)wakefulness and(below)sleep.Calibrations are 1 second and 50 microvolts.From:Ohtahara:J Clin Neurophysiol,Volume 20(6).November/December 2003.398-407,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,West综合征,3-7个月婴儿多见发育迟缓屈颈、弯腰样发作EEG上呈高峰失律,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Hypsarrhythmia,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Hypsarrhythmia,FIG.2.Digital recording of a hypsarrhythmic pattern in a 23-month-old infant.,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Hypsarrhythmia with Increased Interhemispheric Synchronization,FIG.3.Digital recording of hypsarrhythmia with increased interhemispheric synchronization in a 22-month-old infant.Note increased synchronization of frontal slow and sharp and slow wave activity.Sample shown at reduced sensitivity.,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Asymmetric Hypsarrhythmia,FIG.4.Digital recording of asymmetric hypsarrhythmia in a 13-month-old infant.Sample shown at reduced sensitivity.,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Hypsarrhythmia with Episodes of Voltage Attenuation,FIG.6.Digital recording of suppression-burst variant of hypsarrhythmia in a 3-month-old infant.Sample shown at reduced sensitivity,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Lennox-Gastaut综合征,学龄前期发病多伴智能发育障碍多种发作形式EEG上慢棘-慢波治疗困难,予后差,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Symptomatic Generalized EpilepsyLennox-Gastaut Syndrome,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,部分性发作,又称限局性或局灶性发作异常发电起源于脑的某一部位,故临床发作和脑电图异常均有局灶性起源发作时意识存在简单部分性发作(simple partial seizures)意识完全清楚复杂部分性发作(complex partial seizures)有意识障碍 ILAE2001癫痫发作分类建议,部分性发作不再区分复杂性与简单性,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,脑电图单纯部分性发作,发作间:限局性相应区发放发作期:限局性相应区发放,范围大于发作间,持续时间长,波形可能与发作间不同,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,(二)发作时的脑电图 阵发性高波幅节律型 阵发性快波型 低平波型 无明显改变,(一)发作间期脑电图 颞叶或额叶散在性棘波发放 尖慢波、棘慢波或爆发性慢波发放 梯形波发作,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,双侧额区局灶性散发棘慢复合波,左右不对称,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,localization-related epilepsies.Spike,left frontal region.Note the typical aftergoing slow wave.The referential montage(right panel)shows that the maximum is at Fp1 and F7 about equally,followed by F3,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,EEG:Simple Partial Seizure,Right temporal seizures with maximal phasereversal in theright sphenoidalelectrodes,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Ictal EEG,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,脑电图复杂部分性发作,发作间:一侧性或双侧性不同步发放,常位于额颞叶。颞部的焦点多数出现于颞叶的前部,而颞叶的前部的棘波在睡眠时出现率很高,所以颞叶癫痫常属于睡眠癫痫类型。发作期:一侧性或双侧性同步发放,常位于额颞区,也可扩散至两侧半球,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,This EEG displays an abnormal discharge called focal spike.This examples occurs over the right temporal region of the brain.,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,localization-related epilepsies.Sharp waves,left temporo-occipital region.The sharp waves are,like any significant epileptiform discharges,followed by slowing and“disruption”of the background.The referential montage(right panel)confirms that the maximum is at T6,closely followed by O2.,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,发作间期的脑电图:多灶性尖波,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Rhythmic theta activity maximal at the left sphenoidal electrode during a seizure in a patient with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,良性中央回癫痫,发病13岁,男多于女;发作多在浅睡期出现;以一侧面颊阵发抽搐为主,偶可波及同侧肢体,但很少引全身性强直阵挛性发作;无脑器质性病损征,智能行为正常;活动背景正常,具有局限性癫痫的阳性表现,尤以中央、中颞的频发高波幅棘波者居多,浅睡时异常表现显著。部分病儿家庭中有热性抽搐或癫痫病史,本病预后良好,大多在1516岁停止发作。,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Fp1 F7 F7 T3 T3 T5 T5 O1Fp2 F8 F8 T4 T4 T6 T6 O2Fp1 F3 F3 C3 C3 P3 P3 O1Fp2 F4 F4 C4 C4 P4 P4 O2 Fz Cz Cz Pz T1 T2 A1 A2 EKG Photic,Benign Epileptiform Discharges of Childhood,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Childhood Epilepsy with occipital paroxysms(6yr old boy),PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,癫痫病人查脑电图前要停药吗,在做脑电图等检查之前,如果短暂停药,确实可以比较客观地反映脑细胞的生物电活动,从而有助于提高脑电图等检查方法的诊断阳性率。但是,检查前停药有诱发癫痫大发作的可能,特别是对于儿童患者的危险性更大。因此,临床上不能单纯为了追求更高的阳性率,而给患者带来风险,尽管很多情况下这种风险只是潜在的,并不一定会出现。,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,正确理解、认识脑电图,不能仅凭脑电图报告单上写有“异常”二字就诊断为癫痫。因为,如果脑电图显示的只是一般非特异性异常,如慢波增多、轻度不对称、调节差等,就不能作为诊断癫痫的依据。只有出现痫样放电(棘波、尖波、棘慢波、尖慢波、多棘慢波、突出于正常背景的阵发性高波幅慢波等),其诊断意义才比较大。另外应注意,小儿过度换气时出现的有节律的高幅慢波不能视为异常。正常人群中有0.33的人脑电图有癫痫样放电,但并无癫痫发作而也有一些癫痫患者发作间期脑电图检查正常,所以不能因为脑电图正常而除外癫痫。,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,如何提高癫痫脑电图的阳性率,癫痫作为诸多神经系统疾病中可以治疗的一种,及时明确的诊断十分重要,这也就是许多基层医生对于如何提高癫痫脑电图的阳性率非常关注的原因。24小时脑电图记录仪、录像与脑电图同步监测等(但如果发作不频繁,做此类检查对诊断意义不大)可以弥补脑电图检查的不足,但更实际的是利用现有设备提高阳性率。如果能按正规操作要求去做,如检查时间至少2030分钟,认真做好各种诱发试验(过度换气、闪光、声音),建立晚间检查脑电图制度以记录睡眠脑电波形,阳性率将会有所提高。,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,多数癫痫发作和阵发性放电是随机出现且历时短暂,因此常规EEG的阳性率比较低(50%)。便携式24hEEG通过延长监测时间,大大提高了EEG的阳性率,但不能观察发作的表现。VEEG的应用解决了癫痫诊断中两个最重要的问题,一是通过录像可直接观察发作的临床表现,二是通过同步EEG监测可分析临床与EEG的关系,因而成为癫痫诊断和鉴别诊断最可靠的检测方法。,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,走出脑电图诊断的“误区”,脑地形图无法识别脑电的波形(棘波、棘慢波)及位相(正相或负相),因此不能作为诊断的依据。CT和MRI能发现脑结构有无异常,以及帮助寻找癫痫病因,但不能根据CT或MRI有无异常来确诊或否定癫痫的诊断。,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,客观评价EEG的诊断意义,EEG价值不应被低估健康人群EEG的棘波/尖波其他疾病伴随EEG的棘波/尖波正确判断痫样放电与发作的关系注重实践和学习,走出“误区”,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,EEG价值不应被低估,多数癫痫临床诊断与EEG发现一致但在临床信息不充分或有错误的情况下,往往要靠EEG提供的信息才能正确诊断。如下病例临床表现为局灶性发作,EEG证实为全面性发作,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,EEG价值不应被低估,EEG发现儿童的“白日梦”是失神发作,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,EEG价值不应被低估,EEG发现儿童的“惊恐障碍”是颞叶癫痫,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,非癫痫人群EEG的棘、尖波,健康人群EEG的棘波/尖波检出率(常规EEG)清醒EEG:1.1%-6.8%;睡眠EEG:8.7%。主要特点:多见于学龄期儿童,14岁后消失;1/3为广泛性放电,2/3为限局性放电;Rolandic区最多见,其次为枕区,额区少见;和遗传有关,部分为特发性癫痫的临床前阶段;处理:不要诊断为癫痫,密切随访观察。其他疾病伴随EEG的棘波/尖波其他CNS疾病、代谢紊乱等(0.2%-10.6%)非癫痫性发作(偏头痛、TIA、晕厥、进行性抽搐、伪发作等)也可合并癫痫样放电,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,正确判断痫样放电与临床发作的关系,有发作性症状,也有典型痫样放电,但二者不相关联,则不是癫痫性发作。例如:头痛、腹痛、肢痛、呕吐晕厥睡眠肌阵挛多发性抽动发作性行为问题癫痫病人可伴有伪发作,诊断和处理应予注意精神因素“习得”行为,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,正确判断痫样放电与临床发作的关系,癫痫发作频率与EEG癫痫样放电频率并不一致。EEG异常程度不能反映癫痫严重程度,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,走出脑电图诊断的“误区”,评价EEG与癫痫的关系时应特别注意“异常脑电图”不等于有癫痫样放电(非特异性异常)“癫痫样波”不等于癫痫(非癫痫人群可出现癫痫样波)发作性症状非特异性异常EEG不等于癫痫发作性症状非同步出现的痫样放电不等于癫痫EEG癫痫样波的数量与发作严重程度一般无相关性结合临床综合分析,把握脑电图的诊断意义不可替代!客观评价!,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,谢 谢!,