地理信息科学GIS.ppt

,地理信息科学 第一讲 概述 从GISystem到GIScience 艾廷华,艾廷华 资源环境科学学院,地图制图与地理信息工程系 办公室:3区7号楼 519,506(机房实验室)Email:OP:68778375 MP:研究方向:地图综合,空间数据挖掘,移动计算与MobileGIS,课程介绍课程名:地理信息科学课程类别：选修学分数：2总学时：36授课对象：地理信息系统（计算机地图制图学）专业期间：2011年11月12月（1015周）上课时间：星期一、三7,8,9节(14:05-16:30),1-601授课方式：分8个专题讲授,每个专题授课4节参考教材:讲义祝国瑞教授编 科学出版社,承继成等编 考试方式：开卷考试。,课程介绍课程学习目标：通过较高层次的关于GI-3S(_cience,_ystem,_ervice)的学习,了解地理信息科学的发展过程 掌握GI信息的特征、表达、加工技术及社会服 务的基本问题,是对过去课程“GIS原理”,“数字制图”进一步拓宽.课程特点:本学科发展前沿介绍,涉及多门课程的研究,综合 性强,信息量大.但没有完整的结构体系.课程内容:地理信息科学的产生、发展及研究现状 地理信息的空间认知与心象地图 地理信息模型表达 地理信息的融合与尺度变换 数据加工处理(挖掘、推理、智能化处理)地理信息可视化 地理信息工程与地理信息的社会化服务,第一讲 概述 从GISystem到GIScience,0 内容 信息科学概述 地理信息科学的确立 地理信息科学的研究内容：3S 与计算科学的结合 研究群体 主要研究问题 研究现状,1 信息科学概述 1.1 定义,信息科学是 研究信息现象及其运动规律的科学:以信息作为主要研究对象,以信息过程的运动规律作为主要研究内容,以信息科学方法论作为主要研究方法,以扩展人的信息功能(全部信息功能形成的有机整体就是智力功能)作为主要研究目标的一门科学.,(1)信息本体论的信息_事物的运动状态和状态改变方式认识论的信息_主体所感知的运动状态和状态改变方式全信息:同时考察 形式-语法信息 syntactic 含义-语义信息 semantic 价值-语用信息 pragmaticShanon 只是语法信息的统计情形,信息与物质,能量:物质是信息的载体,物质的运动是产生信息的源泉,但 信息只是物质运动状态和状态改变的方式,而不是事物本身;传递和处理信息需要能量,控制能量需要信息,信息是事物运动的状态和状态改变的方式,能量则是物体做功的本领,(2)信息的运动规律 产生:本体论意义上的信息 获取:转换为认识论上的信息 再生:认识论上的转换 施效:认识论上的信息反作用于对象,产生新的信息 传递:系统优化或自组织 过程智能化 探讨信息的定性本质;研究信息的定量测度;阐明信息过程的基本规律(以上所列);揭示利用信息来优化系统的方法和原理;归纳和构建信息科学的方法论,1.2 与几个概念的区分,信息与数据 信息的载体,信息的数字表达,其他表达包括语音,图像,文本,图形等.等目前已范化.,(2)信息与媒体 信息的表达的依附体.单媒体与多媒体,(3)信息与资料 具有某种目的,用途的材料的集合,携带有价值的信息,(4)信息与知识 主体关于该类事物运动状态及其变化规律的表述,信息是知识的原材料,知识是信息提炼抽象出来的,2.地理信息科学的确立 2.1 GISystem的发展历史,(1)GIS的定义A geographic information system is:A computer software system(with supporting hardware)that manages data pertaining（有关的）to land,water,and air resources,such that one can store and retrieve such geographic information as well as analyze stored information or additional parameters derived from stored information.,多种定义:,Geographic Information System(GIS)is an information system able to encode,store,transform,analyze,and display geospatial information,Geographic information system(GIS)is a system for input,storage,manipulation,and output of geographic information NCGIA Core Curriculum in Geographic Information Science,(2)起源于地图制图学的发展 1960s:最早的机器制图作品 Atlas of British Flora,基于穿孔卡片计算机,后由针式打印机取代.地图学家Bertin在IBM Selectric 打字机上设计了可缩放的地图符号In 1963,a grant was obtained from the Ford Foundation to initiate the Laboratory for Computer Graphics at Harvard University,where Fisher and his colleagues built a team of scientists,engineers,and programmers who eventually created SYMAP.This was a computer mapping package that could produce isoline,choropleth,and proximal maps on the line printer.,(3)GIS 之父 Tomlin,1966年完成加拿大地理信息系统并投入应用 CGIS.60年代,当他在Spartan Air Services 工作时,与农业部门的技术管理人员合作对地图数字化产生了兴趣.最终与IBM合作在Agricultural Rehabilitation and Development Administration(ARDA)部门完成了该系统.,该系统存储了1000多幅地图,覆盖了全国,并投入正式使用.对GIS技术的发展有三个方面的突出贡献:滚筒式扫描对航片数字化;高效率的Morton码索引机制的建立;对区域边界的表达采用拓扑 结点/链式编码,(4)GIS发展历史大事记,GIS发展历史大事记(continue),(5)当今多种类型的GIS,Professional GISThe distinctive features of professional GIS include data collection and editing,database administration,advanced geoprocessing and analysis,and other specialist tools,such as ESRI ArcInfo,Samllworld GISDesktop GISDesktop GIS focus on data use,rather than data creation,and provide excellent tools for making maps,reports,and charts.Well-know examples include ESRI ArcView,Intergraph GeoMedia,MapInfor professionalHand-held GISHand-held GIS are lightweight systems designed for mobile and field use,such as Autodesk Onsite,ESRI ArcPad,Component GISComponent GIS are tool kits and used by knowledgeable programmers to create focused applications.Examples include ESRI MapObjects and MapInfo MapX.GIS viewerGIS viewer are able to display and query popular file formats,such as ESRI ArcExplorer,Intergraphs GeoMedia,and MapInfos ProViewerInternet GISInternet GIS focus on display and query applications,as well as maping.Examples include Autodestk MapGuide,ESRI ArcIMS,Intergraph GeoMedia Web Map,and MapInfo MapXtreme.,2.2 GIScience 的确立,(1)名称的更改 GoodChild于1990年7月在苏黎世第四届SDH会议上作特邀报告“Spatial Information Science”,两年后在IJGIS期刊上发表了“Geographical Information Science”(1992,6,p31-45),美国NCGIA地理信息与分析中心主任,GoodChild提出了GIScience关注的8个问题:,Data collection and measurement discretization:generalization,abstraction,approximation.GPS,map,or remote sensing?Data captureSpatial statisticsData modeling and theories of spatial dataData structures,algorithms and processesDisplayAnalytical toolsInstitutional,managerial and ethical issues,1996年，期刊“InternationalJournal of Geographical Information System”改名为“I.Journal of Geographical Information Science”,随后，美国测绘学会期刊ACSM 的“Cartography and Geographical Information System”也改名为“Cartography and Geographical Information Science”.一批学校相应的系名专业名改为 Geomatics,Geoinformatics.,GI是关于地球表面地理要素与地理现象的信息；与其他信息相比的显著特征在于地理位置参考系；描述GI的地理概念包括：GI本身的基础框架描述大地坐标系、投影、距离度量）；地理要素类字典条目（湖泊、河流、城市、建筑物）；地名字典条目；描述地理实体间关系的术语（远近、相交、南、前后）；现象要素的基本类型（植被、水系、行政区划）,3.地理信息科学的研究内容 3.1地理信息GI,geographic has to do with the Earth its two-dimensional surface its three-dimensional atmosphere,oceans,sub-surface spatial has to do with any multi-dimensional frame medical images are referenced to the human body engineering drawings are referenced to a mechanical object architectural drawings are referenced to a building geographic is a subset of spatial often the terms are used interchangeably geographic sound too soft?,区分两个概念 地理与空间（Geo vs Spatial）,3.2 地理信息科学(1)定义 信息科学：根据信息的性质与特征，应用科学原理 方法对信息进行系统化研究；地理信息科学:信息科学的一个分支，关于GI 的研究；,Geographic information scienceis the science behind the technology considers fundamental questions raised by the use of systems and technologies is the science needed to keep technology at the cutting edge NCGIA Core Curriculum in Geographic Information Science(1997),“Geographic Information Science(GIScience)is the basic research field that seeks to redefine geographic concepts and their use in the context of geographic information systems.GIScience also examines the impacts of GIS on individuals and society,and the influences of society on GIS.GIScience re-examines some of the most fundamental themes in traditional spatially oriented field such as geography,cartography,and geodesy,while incorporating more recent developments in cognitive and information science.It also overlaps with and draws from more psychology,and contributes to progress in those fields.It supports research in political science and anthropology,and draws on those fields in studies of geographic information and society.”1999,workshop held by National Science Foundation,(2)有关论述,地理信息的认知；地理信息的计算问题；地理信息的社会化服务；(from NCGIA),GI_,Science,System,Society,GIS,GPS,RS,(3)研究领域 3S,Geographic Information Systems(1980s)Geographic Information Science(1990s)Geographic Information Services(2000s),发展历程,Geo-Information Science:Concerns generic issues in the handling and analysis of geo-spatial data such as data structures,visualisation,spatial data analysis,spatial data quality and the propagation of uncertainty.Geo-Information Systems:Concerns the use of specialist software in mapping and data mining applications in such diverse areas as the environment,crime,health,education,transport and business.Geo-Information Service:Concerns the design and construction of specific spatial information solutions such as in predictive modelling,spatial decision support and location-based services.,(4)GIScience需研究的问题A 空间如何表达？地球表面是无限复杂的decisions must be made about how to capture it,represent it in a digital system about how and where to sample about what data format options to use 采用什么标准来选取表达复杂事物与现象accuracy of representation accuracy of predictions,decisions based on representation minimizing volume of data maximizing speed of computation compatibility with other projects,users,software compatibility with how people actually think about the world,B 怎样分析该空间表达？如何描述分析准确度？（粒度、分辨率、精度、比例尺）如何量算信息损失量、产生的不确定性？（墒、误差）如何让用户理解这一描述？how to describe them in documentation how to visualize them how to simulate their impacts C 如何建立表达与用户之间的关系？how do people,rather than machines,think about the world?how can computer representations be made more like the ways people think?how do people reason with,learn about,communicate about the geographical world?how can output from GIS be made more intelligible to certain types of users,e.g.children under certain constrained situations,e.g.in a fighter cockpit,D 关于数据模型与数据结构的问题how to store a given representation efficiently how to retrieve information rapidly through appropriate indexing how to achieve interoperability between systems E 地理数据的可视化问题how do methods of display affect the interpretation of geographic data?how can the science of cartography be extended to take advantage of the power of the digital environment?what basic properties of display determine its success?F 分析工具的问题what is the nature of human spatial intuition,and how can it be enhanced by GIS tools?what methods of analysis are needed to support specific types of decisions made using GIS?how can methods of analysis be presented so that users can choose effectively between them?,Ai Gore在数字地球报告中提出的5大核心技术：计算科学;海量存储；卫星图象；宽带网络；互操作,(6)地理信息科学涉及的相关学科 地理学 计算机科学 统计学（空间统计）经济学（信息管理）认知科学（空间认知）心理学（环境心理、景观心理、社会心理）数学（几何）,4.地理信息科学的研究群体 4.1 有影响的学术会议(1)SDH（空间数据处理）国际地理联合会IGU的地理信息系统专业委员会 cccc(）组织；从84年开始，每两年举行一次，第九届在北京召开cc ccc(）为Refereed conference,论文集由权威出版社Taylor Francis出版；第十届，2002年7月在加拿大Ottawa cccc 十一届，2004年7月在英国Leicester cccc 第十二届2006年7月在维也纳 08年十三届 6月 法国，,SDH会议讨论专题,1st-Zurich,1984 2nd-Seattle,1986 3rd-Sydney,1988 4th-Zurich,1990 5th-Charleston,1992 6th-Edinburgh,1994 7th-Delft,1996 8th-Vancouver,1998 9th-Beijing,2000 10th-Ottawa,2002(jointly organized with ISPRS)11th-Leicester,2004 12th-Vienna,2006,(2)COSIT（Conference on Spatial Information Theory）计算机科学、认知科学、心理学、机器人科学领域的 vvvv学者会聚讨论GI信息理论 1993年发起，每两年一次分别在欧洲、北美举行；是公认的GI理论研究的最高权威会议，论文严格ccccc评审，由Springer-Verlag出版 最近一次，05年，美国,Ellicottville,New York 研究领域包括：,研究领域包括：*Geography and Geoinformation Science*Computer Science,Artificial Intelligence,and Cognitive Science*Cognitive,Perceptual,and Environmental Psychology*Engineering and Human Factors*Architecture,Planning,and Environmental Design*Administration and Law*Cognitive Anthropology and Psycholinguistics*History,Sociology,and Philosophy of Mind*Social and Cultural Studies,讨论专题*Cognitive structure of spatial knowledge*Structure of geographic information*Languages of spatial relations*Time in geographic information*Spatial and temporal reasoning*Navigation by organisms and robots*Social and cultural organization of space*Quality issues in geographic information*Incomplete or imprecise spatial knowledge*Spatial data integration/interoperability*Presentation/communication of spatial information*Simulation of processes in geographic space*User-interface design/spatialization of interfaces,*Information metaphors*Naive geography/behavioral geography*Ontology of space*Virtual and augmented reality*Cooperative work with spatial information*Spatial decision-support systems*Administrative and legal processes in space,(3)SSD/SSTD（大型时空数据库学术会议）1989年由美国NCGIA发起，每两年一次,99年在香港；更多的关注GI的计算机技术，参加学者多为计算机 vvccv科学领域的GIS研究人员；最近一次，2005年，第九届http:/www.ic.unicamp.br/sstd05/Welcome.html,Management of Moving Objects Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Mobile Computing Ontologies and Taxonomies Requirements Analysis for Applications Database Design,including Physical,Logical,and Conceptual ccccc Modeling Data Semantics and Models Data Types and Query Languages Systems Architectures,including Interoperability Spatial and Temporal Extensibility of Object-Relational DBMSs Query Processing and Indexing Query Optimization Techniques,including Cost Models Integration with Existing Commercial Products Novel and Challenging Applications Experiences with Real Applications and Systems Experiences Practical Approaches from Computational Geometry and cccConstraint Databases Design of Experiments and Benchmarks cccccExperimental Performance Evaluations and Benchmarking,Temporal and Spatial Data Warehousing and Decision Support Spatial and Temporal Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Reasoning Similarity Uncertainty and Imprecision Management of Raster and Vector Data Parallel and Distributed Database Systems Real-Time Databases Active Database Technology Use of Spatio-Temporal Data for Simulation User Interfaces,including Visual Interfaces Spatial and Temporal Data and the Web Visualization Critical Evaluation of Standards Proposals,(4)ACM-GIS(计算机协会ACM关于GIS的学术讨论会）每年举行一次，在ACM网站上公布，(）2001年,2002年,讨论专题,-Location-based services,and the digital earth-Mobile and distributed GI services-Smart cities and the digital government-Privacy and security-Intelligent transportation systems-Real-time spatio-temporal GIS-Visual query languages and expressiveness-Algebra and ontologies-Interoperability,XML,and standards-Embedded and ubiquitous GIS-Fuzzy spatio-temporal objects-Computer geometry,networking,and approximation algorithms-Large-scale GIS servers and Parallel GIS-User interfaces,visualization techniques,and animation-Multimedia and GIS,and digital libraries,-Spatial,spatio-temporal and multidimensional access methods-Query processing and spatial/distance join algorithms-Modeling and multiple representations-Spatial and spatio-temporal aggregation and summaries-Dynamic maps,sensors,and moving object technologies-Novel applications and decision support-Spatial and spatio-temporal data mining-Spatial and spatio-temporal data warehousing-Performance evaluation and benchmarking-Reasoning and spatio-temporal data quality-Online and adaptive wide-area spatial query processing-Spatial mediators and intelligent agents,(5)其他学术会议 ISPRS()ICA(，地图综合委员会（）FIG 国际测量师学会；其他计算机图形学有关学术会议,4.2 期刊杂志 International Journal of Geographical Information Science(IJGIS),UK;Geoinformatic Cartography and Geographical Information Science(CaGIS,ACSM)Cartographica,Canada IEEE,ACM 的有关期刊，IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering,ACM Transactions on Database System,The Journal of Visual Language and Computing,5.地理信息科学计算问题的研究现状5.1 GI的计算问题(在计算机中如何表达、建模、操作、运算),a SDBMS is a software module thatcan work with an underlying DBMSsupports spatial data models,spatial ADTs and a query language from which these ADTs are callablesupports spatial indexing,algorithms for processing spatial operations,and domain specific rules for query optimizationSDBMS components includespatial data model,query language,query processing,file organization and indices,query optimization,etc.,Spatial query language Spatial data types,e.g.point,linestring,polygon,Spatial operations,e.g.overlap,distance,nearest neighbor,Callable from a query language(e.g.SQL3)of underlying DBMSSELECTS.nameFROMSenator SWHERE S.district.Area()300 SELECT S.name FROM Senator S,Business BWHERE S.district.Area()300 AND Within(B.location,S.district)Standards SQL3(a.k.a.SQL 1999)is a standard for query languages OGIS is a standard for spatial data types and operators Both standards enjoy wide support in industry Oracle Spatial 9i,(1)空间查询,Efficient algorithms to answer spatial queries Common Strategy-filter and refine Filter Step:Query Region overlaps with MBRs of B,C and D Refine Step:Query Regi