副词及副词的基本用法.ppt

副词与副词的基本用法,副词用来表示动作行为的方式、时间和处所，对形容词和副词在程度上加以描绘，真实生动地反映动作行为及所陈述事情的性质特征。1 副词的作用 1A 副词一般用来修饰动词、形容词、其它副词、介词短语和句子，在句中作状语，表示时间、地点、方式；也可以修饰整个句子，表示说话人对话语的态度和看法，就是用副词词组做评注性状语；做连接性状语，这种副词词组的中心词叫做连接副词conjunctive adverb.eg.“Dont do that again.”he said quietly and firmly.（修饰动词）“以后别再那样做了。”他说，口气温和但很坚定。This is a fairly easy book.（修饰形容词）这是一本比较浅易的书。Its heart beats very slowly.（修饰副词）（它的）心脏跳得很慢。Lincoln was active in politics and was strongly against slavery.（修饰介词短语）林肯积极参加政治活动，强烈反对奴隶制度。Actually he is a person of honesty.（修饰句子）事实上，他是个诚实的人。,6.1B 副词也可用以修饰名词和代词，在句中作定eg.All the people here are learning English.（修饰名词）所有这儿的人都在学英语。The policemen didnt search anything upstairs.（修饰代词）警察没有搜查楼上的6.1C 副词在句中也可作表语和宾语补足语eg.Is anybody in?里面有人吗？You may make it home here.你不妨把这儿当作家一样。,6.2 副词的分类副词，按照词的构成，分为简单副词simple adverb和派生副词derivative adverb;绝大多数副词都是派生词，adj.+ly构成，carefully;angrily;politely;少数由单词素构成，与形容词同形，early,late,fast,hard;副词可以根据它们的意思和用途分为时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、频度副词、疑问副词、连接副词和关系副词6.2A 时间副词(The Adverb of Time)时间副词表示行为动作发生的时间，常可回答when 引导的问句，时间副词有表示确切时间和模糊时间两种。（1）表示确切时间：now,then,today,tonight,yesterday,tomorrow,before,this week,last month,next year,the other day,just now,two days ago等（2）表示模糊时间：already,yet,late,early,soon,finally,recently,presently,immediately等。,6.2B 地点副词(The Adverb of Place)地点副词表示行为动作发生的地点，常可回答where 引导的问句。地点副词有表示确切地点和表示位置关系两种。（1）表示确切地点：here,there,home,downstairs,abroad,everywhere,nowhere,indoors等。（2）表示位置关系：up,down,in,by,across,below.over,out,around,away,off,inside,past,through,behind等。注（1）：表示位置关系的副词也通常具备介词功能。在句中作副词还是介词用，主要区别于：,a,如果这类词后面跟有宾语，就是介词；eg.They dragged heavy stones with ropes over their shoulders.他们肩背绳索拖拽巨石。You will not see all the animals all through the winter.整个冬天你不会看到所有这些动物。For some days,he stayed in his cave behind his wall.他在墙后面的洞里呆了好几天。The child was running after his father.这小孩跟在他你亲后面跑。,b,如果这类词与不及物动词构成一个动词词组，后面不跟有宾语，就是副词；c,如果这类词与及物动词构成一个带有新意的动词词组，就是副词。eg.The lesson is over.下课了。Ive read the book through.我已看完这本书。He hurried home,looking behind from time to time as he went.他赶紧回家，一边走一边不时的向后看。They arrived soon after.不一会儿，他们就赶到了。,6.2C 方式副词（The Adverb of Manner)大多数方式副词由形容词和分词加后缀构成，也有些方式副词与形容词在词形和词义上完全相同，但句法作用不同，常可回答how引导的问句。1）形容词加ly后缀构成：badly,slowly,proudly,carefully,rapidly,attentively,calmly,warmly,sadly,angrily,happily,suddenly等。2）分词加后缀ly构成：surprisingly,admiringly,hurriedly,unexpectedly等。3）与形容词同形近义：fast,hard,well,early,slow,quick,high,straight,alone,wide,direct,far等。注：与形容词同形近义的副词在句中一般作状语，表示行为动作的方式，对动词加以描绘和说明，而形容词则在句中作定语、表语和宾语补足语，反映所限定名词的性质特征。,1)作形容词eg.The work is hard.这工作很艰苦。The long straight stems of bamboo are not like tree wood.竹子又长又直的躯干不象树木。The spaceship leaves the earth at very high speed.宇宙飞船高速离开地球。She spoke in a low voice.她低声说话。2)作副词eg.You should study hard and be good students.你们应该刻苦学习，做好学生。He went straight to school.他径直去学校。The plane flew high.这飞机飞得很高。She read too low to be heard.她读书声音太低，别人听不见。,6.2D 程度副词（The Adverb of Degree)程度副词大多用来修饰形容词和副词，就其反映的事情在程度上加以描绘，通常也可回答how引导的问句。常见的程度副词有：very,much,quite,little,so,too,enough,half,rather,fairly,pretty,entirely,totally,greatly,deeply,hardly,wholly,slightly,scarcely,almost等。注：在上面几类副词中，有些副词有两种词形：一种与相应的形容词同形，另一种由相应的形容词（或副词）加后缀构成。这两种词形的副词，有些在含义上基本相近，另一些在含义上则截然不同。,1）在含义上相近的副词：,high highly,low lowly,firm firmly,deep deeply,near nearly,short shortly,fair fairly,direct directly,quick quickly,loud loudly,slow slowly,straight straightly等。一般来说，与形容词同形的副词表示比较具体的概念，而加后缀ly构成的副词则含有抽象或引申的意义。试比较下列的句子：The boy climbed very high.那男孩爬得很高。The government thinks highly of you invention.政府对你的发明评价很高。Youve shot too low.Try a second time.你射得太低，再试一下。Why on earth are we lowly paid?究竟为何给我们低报酬？She came near to me.她向我靠近。The job is nearly finished.这工作快干完了。The train goes direct to Shanghai.这趟列车直开上海。Answer me directly.直接回答我的问题。They worked deep into the night.他们工作到深夜。We were deeply moved by his heroic deeds.我们被他的英勇事迹深深打动了。,2）在含义上不同的副词：hard hardly,just justly,late lately,most mostly,pretty prettily等。试比较下列句子：They pretended to work hard.他们佯装卖力地干活。I can hardly understand what they are talking about.我几乎不懂他们在谈论些什么。Hes just arrived.他刚到。He was justly punished.他受到了应有的惩罚。The money will be given to those who need it most.这钱将给那些最需要的人。The people who live in Antarctica are mostly visiting scientists.在南极生活的人大多数是在进行考察的科学家。He seldom comes late.他难得迟到。I havent heard from my parents lately.最近我没有收到父母的来信。,6.2E 频度副词(The Adverb of Frequency)频度副词表示行为动作发生的频度，常可回答how often 引导的问句。常见的频度副词有：often,always,usually,sometimes,seldom,never,rarely,frequently,occasionally,once a week,twice a day,every other month等。,6.2F 疑问副词(The Interrogative Adverb)疑问副词用来引导一个特殊疑问句，表示时间、地点、方式、原因等。疑问副词有：when,where,how和why.When are the men coming from London?从伦敦来的人什么时候到？Where have you been all these years?这些年你到哪儿去啦？How are you getting along with you English?你的英语学习怎么样？注：疑问副词how也可以与一些形容词、副词合在一起引导一个特殊疑问句。如：How often do you go to see your uncle?你多久去看望一次你叔叔？How long will he live in Nanjing?他将在南京住多久？How soon will your father come back home?你父亲还要多久才会到家？,6.2G 连接副词(The Conjunctive Adverb)连接副词用来引导一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句，表示从句中行为动作发生的时间、地点、方式、原因等。常见的连接副词有：when,where,whenever,wherever,how和why等。Why he insisted on going there alone wasnt quite clear.（引导主语从句）他为什么要坚持孤身一人到那里去不太明白。Can you tell us when and where he received theMasters Degree?（引导宾主从句）你可以告诉我们他是在何时何地获得硕士学位的吗？This is how she did it.（引导表语从句）这就是她怎样做这事的。Come to us whenever you are in trouble.（引导状语从句）无论你什么时候遇到麻烦，尽可来找我们。,6.2H 关系副词(The Relative Adverb)关系副词用来引导一个定语从句，对所修饰的先行词在时间、地点和原因上加以限制和说明。关系副词有：when,where和why.Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I come to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?你还记得十年前的一个下午我到你家借钻石项链的事吗？The factory where my father works is in the west of the city.我父亲工作的那家工厂座落在城西。Nobody knew the reason why he was absent from the party.没有人知道他为什么没来参加聚会。,除了上述八类副词，还能见到如surely,certainly,probably等确定性副词和therefore等结果副词。,6.3 副词的位置英语的词序是相对固定的，但是，副词在句中的位置却比较自由和灵活。一般来说，英语的副词有三种位置，即前位、中位和后位。6.3A 前位：副词的前位是指把副词放在句首位置。副词前位的情况有1）在故事的开端Once upon a time there were six blind men who lived in a village in India.从前，有六个瞎子住在印度的一个村子里。Many many years ago there lived a king.很久很久以前，有一个国王。,2）为了强调或进行对比Quickly he ran towards school and again he was late.他迅速向学校跑去，但又迟到了。3）为了平衡句子Under the tree over there sat a group of foreigners.在那边的树下坐着一群外国人。Usually at the beginning of school,the noise of desks being opened and closed,and lesson repeated at the top of the childrens voices could be heard out in the street.平常，在开始上课时，在街上就可以听见书桌的开关声音和孩子们高声念书的声音。,4）在倒装句中Away flew the bird.鸟飞走了。Seldom did he go to the cinema years ago.几年前，他很少去看电影。Only in this way can we work out the problem.只有用这种方法，我们才能算出这道题。（5）在感叹句和特殊疑问句中How quickly time has gone by!时间过得多快啊！How well do you understand this lesson?对这篇课文你能理解多少？,6.3B 中位：副词的中位是指把副词放在谓语动词前后的位置。副词中位的情况有1）位于行为动词前Hibernating animals hardly make any movement.冬眠的动物几乎没有运动。Do you always go to work without breakfast?你经常不吃早饭就去上班吗？2）位于连系动词和第一助词后The guest is still in your office,waiting for you.客人还在你办公室里等你呢。He has often been told to do such a thing.他经常被差遣干这种事。,3）位于非谓语形式前（通常有否定副词not和never）The pupil promised never to play truant again.那个小学生保证再也不逃学了。I regret not being able to help you.我遗憾没能帮助你。4）在答句中，助动词单独用来替代完全的谓语时，位于助动词前”Do you believe in him？-I never have and I never will.“你信任他吗？”“我从未信任过他，我永远也不会信任他的。”,6.3C 后位：副词的后位是指把副词放在句尾位置。副词后位的情况有1）位于不及物动词后The girl reads clearly and correctly.这个女孩子念得又清楚又正确。2）位于及物动词的宾语后Ill look the word up in the dictionary.我将在词典里查这个词。Can you finish the work today?你们今天能完成这项工作吗？注：（1）有时一个句子中会出现多个副词或副词词组，它们的词序应该是：方式副词地点副词时间副词。如：They played the game wonderfully here last night.昨晚他们在这儿打得非常精彩。如果谓语动词是表示方位性的，它们的词序则是：地点副词方式副词时间副词。如：He left home hurriedly on a rainy night.在一个雨夜里，他匆匆地离开了家。,（2）有时副词的位置变了，句子的意思也会起变化。这要根据说话人的意图，正确地把握副词的位置试比试：We carefully observed the teacher doing the experiment.我们仔细观察了老师做实验。We observed the teacher carefully doing the experiment.我们观察了老师细心地做实验。Ill talk to him gladly.我将与他高兴地谈一谈。Gladly Ill talk to his.很高兴，我将与他谈一谈。,6.3D 各类副词在句中的位置除了某些特殊的原因外，一般来说，副词的位置也是相对固定的，各类副词也有自己相应固定的位置。1）时间副词：时间副词通常置于后位，但为了表示强调、对比、连接等，多数时间副词也可以置于前位。I will learn my lesson tomorrow.我明天将学功课。Today you saw the greatest man in the world.今天你见到了世界上最伟大的人。Finally he took up the grammar book and read us the lesson.最后，他拿起语法书，给我们上语法课。,2）地点副词：地点副词通常置于后位，如遇到时间副词，则置于时间副词之前，但为了强调或语法上的需要，可以置于前位。Dont play in the garden.别在花园里玩耍。He went nowhere this morning.他上午什么地方也没去。At the bus stop I met Mr Yang who taught me English in senior school.在汽车站，我遇见了高中时教我英语的杨老师。表示位置关系的副词经常与及物动词构成动词词组，如果动词的宾语是名词，宾语可以放在副词之前，也可以放在副词之后；如果动词的宾语是代词，宾语只能放在副词之前Shall I bring the guests in?or:Shall I bring in the guests?要带客人进来吗？He pulled his cap off.or:He pulled off his cap.他脱下帽子。试比较：Shall I bring them in?(Right)Shall I bring in them?(Wrong)He threw it away.(Right)He threw away it.(wrong,3）方式副词：方式副词通常置于中位，放在它所修饰的动词之后，如果谓语是及物动词，则放在宾语之后。He spoke slowly to his parents.他慢吞吞地对父母说话。The children read their lesson loudly.孩子们高声朗读课文。在“动词+介词+宾语”的结构中，方式副词可以放在介词之前，也可以放在宾语之后。They looked sadly at the master.他们都愁容满面地望着老师。Mr.Crossett looked at us curiously.克罗塞特先生用好奇的目光打量着我们。,4）程度副词：程度副词通常置于中位，放在它所修饰的形容词、副词、动词或介词短语之前。She was seriously ill.她病得很重。He played the violin fairly well.他小提琴拉得相当好。Well wholly support you.我们将全力支持你。Lincoln was strongly against slavery.林肯强烈反对奴隶制度。副词enough要放在它所修饰的形容词、副词之后。The room is large enough for us three to live in.这个房间供我们三人住是足够大的了。He didnt work hard enough.他工作不够勤奋。,5）频度副词：频度副词通常置于中位，放在它所修饰的动词之前，如果谓语部分有情态动词或助动词，则放在情态动词或第一助动词之后。He rarely writes to me.他很少给我写信。You must always keep it in mind.这一点你要常记在心。Be careful!You have almost been knocked down.当心！你差点被撞倒。当句中的谓语是连系动词be，频度副词应放在be之后He is scarcely in time for meals.他难得准时用餐。有些频度副词的位置很灵活，可以置于前位，中位或后位。如sometimes,only,regularly,occasionally,repeatedly,once,frequently等。试比较:Sometimes we speak English at school.We sometimes speak English at school.We speak English at school sometimes.有时候我们在学校讲英语。有几个副词如perhaps,only等，有时所放的位置不同，意思也有区别。试比较：Only Mr Li met the mayor.只有李先生遇见市长。Mr Li only met the mayor.李先生只遇见市长。,6.4 副词的比较级和最高级副词和形容词一样，也有原级，比较级和最高级三种形式。6.4A 副词比较级和最高级的构成形式副词比较级和最高级的构成形式也分为规则的和不规则两种1）规则副词的构成形式一般情况构成法 原级 比较级 最高级单音节副词 加-er,-est slow slower slowest hard harder hardest双音节或多章节副词 加more,most quickly more quickly most quickly wonderfully more wonderfully most wonderfully,注：（1）双音节副词early是原形词，它的比较级和最高级形式应为earlier,earliest.而形容词加后缀ly或去e加-y构成的副词则应加more或most构成比较级和最高级（2）副词often的比较级和最高级可以加-er,-est构成，也可以加more,most 构成。2）不规则副词的构成形式 原级 比较级 最高级 well better best badly worse worst little less least much more most far farther/further farthest/furthest,6.4B 副词的比较级和最高级和形容词一样，在运用副词比较级和最高级时，要突出比较对象，省略雷同成分。副词的比较级和最高级在句中常见的结构有1）“比较级+than+比较对象“He did the exam more carefully than I.他考试比我细心。It is raining harder than ever.雨下得更大了。有时，than引导的从句可以省略，只表示对主语自身情况的比较或比较对象非常明确。I think these photos are better taken.我认为这些照片拍得更好。,2）“the+比较级.the+比较级“The earlier you start your work,the sooner youll get it finished.你们越早开始工作，就完成得越早。3）“as so/as+副词原级+as+比较对象”用于肯定形式。“not so/as+副词原级+as+比较对象”用于否定形式，as 常可省略。His stepmother loved him as dearly as his own mother.他继母爱他像他生母一样深切。They are not able to read so freely as their teacher.他们读起来没有老师流利。,4）“（the）+最高级+介词短语（或从句）”副词最高级前通常可以不用定冠词the。Of all the subjects I like English best.在所有的学科中，我最喜欢英语。Can you recommend me a young worker who works fastest and best in your factory?你能给我们推荐一位你们厂里干活最快最好的青年工人吗？副词比较级和最高级前也可以有一个相应的副词、副词词组或数词，表示比较的程度。He is now working much harder than before.他现在工作比以前更勤奋了。Equipped with this new engine,the car runs three times as fast as a normal one.装上了这种新的发动机，这辆轿车的速度比普通的轿车快两倍。,Lilei is _ than any other _ in his class.,A.tall,studentsB.taller,studentsC.taller,student.,比较级+any other+单数名词.“比其他任何都”.(暗指:最高级),1、the+最高级+of+比较范围,2、One of the+最高级,比较级：,最高级：,1.She is the _in the class.(young)2.Jason is the _of the three.(tall)3.Whose handwriting is the _of all?(good),youngest,tallest,best,最高级的用法表示三者或三者以上（人或事物）的比较用最高级，最高级的前面一般要加定冠词the，后面可带of（in,among）短语来说明比较的范围.,1.她女儿是她们学校最好学生之一.2.中国长城是世界上最伟大的建筑之一.,“最之一”:用one of the+形容词最高级+名词复数+of/in介词短语.如:,Her daughter is _ in her school.,The Great Wall of China is _ _ in the world.,one of the best students,one of the,greatest buildings,The Yellow River is _ river in China.,A.the second longest B.the second longer C.second longest,the+序数词最高级表示第几,一者比较用原级，比较级限二者比，三者三者往上比，最高级的用法起；若甲乙程度相同，asas 结构体；若甲某方面不及乙，not so/asas来担起；中间形、副连接要切记！,Remember,兼有两种形式的副词的区分1)关于clean/cleanly副词clean作“径直地，完全地”解：The bullet went clean through(整个地穿过)his arm.I clean forgot(完全忘掉)about it.副词cleanly常作“干净利落地”解：This knife doesnt cut cleanly(切起来不利落).2）close/closely 副词close作“近”解：He lives close to the school.He was following close behind.作其它解释时用closely：Watch what I do closely(细心地).The prisoners were closely(严密地)guarded.,3）关于clear/clearly副词clear作“完全地、径直地”解：You can see clear(一直望到)to the mountains today.The prisoner got clear away.(逃得无影无踪)clear还能作“隔开、不接触”解：Stand clear of the gates(离开门)!You should keep clear of the fellow(不要与那家伙来往).作其它解释时用clearly，不用clear。Can you see clearly(清楚地)from here?He is clearly wrong(显然).但下面结构中用clear和clearly都可以：The moon shone clear(ly).(明亮地)He spoke loud(ly)and clear(ly).(清晰地),4）关于dead/deadly 副词dead作“突然地、完全地”解：She stopped dead.在非正式语体中作“完全地、直接地”解：He was dead tired(极为疲倦).The wind was dead against us(正对着我们).deadly作“死一般地”或“非常”解，如：deadly pale(死人似的苍白),deadly serious(极端严重),deadly dull(极为枯燥)等。5）关于direct/directly副词direct作“直线地，不绕圈子地”解：The train goes there direct.作“直接地”（即“间接地”的反义词）解时用directly：He was looking at me directly.She answered me very directly and openly.directly也可作“立即”或“马上”解,6）关于easy/easilyeasy只在某些固定搭配中作副词：Take it easy.(慢慢来，别急。)Go easy.(别急)Easy come,easy go.(来得容易花得快)Easier said than done.(说来容易做时难)Stand easy!(稍息！)除此以外用easily。I can easily finish it today.He is not easily(容易)satisfied.That may easily be the case.(情况很可能就是那样)It is easily(无疑)the best hotel.,7）关于fair/fairly fair在下列搭配中作副词：You must play fair(光明磊落).I hit him fair on the nose(不偏不歪/正打在鼻子上).Hes dealt fair and square(公平地)with me.在其它搭配中用fairly：He told the facts fairly(清楚地).He doesnt play the game fairly(公平，光明正大).He was fairly(完全)beside himself with joy(欣喜若狂).8）关于firm/firmly firm在以下搭配中用作副词：Stand firm(站稳).Always hold firm(坚信)to your beliefs.其它场合用firmly，如：I firmly believe(坚信)that.,9）关于high/highlyhigh用作副词见于下列搭配：aim high(力争上游).play high(大赌),hold ones head high(昂首)search high and low(到处搜寻),fly high(有雄心),run high(浪大，激动)等。highly通常指抽象的“高”。例如：He spoke highly(赞扬)of her.10）关于loud/loudly副词loud和loudly都是“大声地”意思，用哪一种形式与音韵有关，并无绝对的规定：Dont talk so loud/loudly.She complained loudly of having been kept waiting.但是比较级形式通常用louder与loudest。,11）关于pretty/prettilypretty作“相当地，适当，非常”解。She is pretty good.She dances pretty well.prettily作“有一种漂亮或悦人的态度”解：Mary dressed prettily.She speaks prettily.(P.279)12）关于right/rightly副词right能作多种解释，修饰副词、介词或在句中作状语Hes right here(就在这里).Go right home(直接回家)at once.They havent read the book right through(完全地).rightly通常置于动词之前。eg.Herightlydeserves respect for his scholarship.他学识渊博,理应受到尊敬。It is his punishment andrightlyso.这是他应得的惩罚,就该如此。,13）关于sharp/sharply副词sharp常用于钟点后表示“准时”：We arrived at ten oclock sharp.也用于turn sharp right/left(向右/左急转),look sharp(赶快，留神，注意)等结构。sharp和sharply均能作：“急剧地，突然地”解：At the crossroads(十字路口),we turned sharply to the left.The road turns very sharply.14）关于slow/slowlyslow作副词仅用于go slow(=work slow)这样的搭配：The workers decided to go slow(怠工).其它场合常用slowly：Speak sl