初中英语语法讲解名词用法总结.ppt

初中英语语法讲解二,英语基本句型,英语简单句5种基本基本句型：主+谓（不及物动词）S+V eg.The birds are flying.主+谓（及物动词）宾 S+V+O eg.Dogs like bones.主+谓（及物动词）宾+宾补 S+V+O+OC eg.He makes me laugh.主+谓（及物动词）直接宾+间接 宾 S+V+DO+IO eg.Mum bought me a book.主+谓（联系动词）+表语 S+V+Peg The flower looks beautiful.ps:eg.=exempli gratia 例如,名词,1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：(1)专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如：Beijing,Tom,the Peoples Republic of China(中华人民共和国)专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城)姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens(格林一家人)。,(2)普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil,family,man,foot.普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如：box,child,orange；不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water(水),oil(油),population(人口),cake(蛋糕),paper(纸),thread(线),cloth(布),furniture(家具),coal(煤),news(新闻),advice(意见),information(信息),work(工作),meat(肉),2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。(1)名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：在单数名词词尾加s。如：map maps,boy boys,horse horses,table tables.s,o,x,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：classclasses,boxboxes,heroheroes,dishdishes,benchbenches.注：少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如：photophotos,pianopianos.,2）两人两菜一火山。（+es）小学中学课本中以o结尾的名词构成复数时，加es的只有negro（黑人），hero（英雄），potato（土豆），tomato（西红杮），volcano（火山），这就是“两人两菜一火山”。或：黑人和英雄吃土豆和西红柿Negroesandheroeseattomatoesandpotatoes.3）其余以o结尾的名词变复数时均加s。图景：你在“zoo”里，看见一要“bamboo”，上面挂着一张“photo”，所照的是一架“piano”，上面放着一台“radio”。zoo-zoos,bamboo-bamboos,photo-photos,piano-pianos,radio-radios.,o结尾的名词变复数顺口溜1）有生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时，词尾加es，凡无生命的以o结尾的名词变复数时，词尾加s。有生命：potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes,hero-heroes,negro-negroes如无生命：zoo-zoos,radio-radios,photo-photos,piano-pianos,zero-zeros,bamboo（竹竿）-bamboos,tobacco（烟丝）-tobaccos）,以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如：familyfamilies,citycities,partyparties.以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如：shelfshelves,wolfwolves,lifelives,knifeknives.,(2)不规则变化：manmen,womanwomen,sheepsheep,toothteeth,fishfish,childchildren,oxoxen,goosegeese不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of ricetwo bags of rice,a piece of paperthree pieces of paper,a bottle of milkfive bottles of milk.,3、名词所有格：(1)名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s。如：Childerns Day(儿童节),my sisters book(我姐姐的书)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加。如：Teachers Day(教师节),有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s.如：todays newspaper(今天的报纸),ten minutes break(十分钟的课间休息),Chinas population(中国的人口).无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如：a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).,（2）注解：s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunts(我阿姨家),the doctors(诊所)两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and Bs 的形式,如：Lucy and Lilys bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)“of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my fathers(我父亲的一位朋友),a friend of mine(我的一位朋友),4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：（1）谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷),2、集体名词(如family,class,team,group,row,police,school等)做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.(三 班有张中国地图),3、Chinese,Japanese,fish,sheep,people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊)/There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊),4、maths,news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting.(这个消息令人兴奋)5、glasses,shoes,socks,trousers,gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买),6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球)A lot of time was wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果)Fish and chips is very famous food.(鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品),8、there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)9、用bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来),10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road.(一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)11、eitheror或者 neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。(你和他有一个人是对的)Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里),12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)13、主语中含有half of/(three quarters)of/all(of)the.等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定。,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的)A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍)All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句),但是,population一词又有特殊情况：Whats the population of China?(中国人口是多少？)(句子用单数)Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数),5、部分名词用法辨析：,1、sport、game、match、race 的区别：sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大；game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动；match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛；race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动)The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句)Our school football team won the league match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军)They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛),2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别：festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动；holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期；vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行)Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作)What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情？),3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别：journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思；tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等；trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等；travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了)He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次)Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥)during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗？)Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的),4、sound、noise、voice的区别：sound指各种声音；noise主要指“噪音”；voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠)All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫)The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音),5、fish的问题：指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同；fishes 指许多种类的鱼；fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool.(池子里有很多种类的鱼)I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼),