英语习语的定义与特征.ppt

英语习语与英美文化,习语的定义,idiotisme idiotism idiom,A group of words whose meaning is different from the meanings of the individual words.,习语是结构相对固定的词组或短句，它的意义不是其构成词各意义的简单相加。,习语的结构特征,1.习语是固定词组（set phrase 或accepted phrase），其结构严密，组成习语的词不得随意分隔或拆开。,make haste（赶快）make him haste,习语的结构特征,2.习语的组成词不能随意更换，即使用同义词替换也往往使习语意义丧失。,smell a rat（感到可疑）smell a mouse,（嗅到一只老鼠）,习语的结构特征,3.有些习语的结构违反正常的语法规则。,at large（逍遥法外）as sure as eggs is eggs（千正万确）,习语的结构特征,4.习语的主要动词，或动词性习语，不能随意进行语态上的转换。,My father hit the roof when he found that I had damaged his new car.,大发雷霆,The roof was hit by my father when he found that I had damaged his new car.,习语的结构特征,5.习语的构成词稍有变化就可能变成另一习语，意义则大不一样。,out of question/out of the questionbefore long/long before,习语的结构特征,6.使用连接词不能省略两个习语中的相同部分。,I gave her a flat refusal and then gave her a piece of my mind.我断然拒绝了她，然后坦率地批评她。,习语的结构特征,7.习语里的名词的数受到严格限制，有的原形是单数的，不能随意改为复数；同样，原形是复数的，也不能随意改为单数；同一个名词在不同的习语里有不同的数的形式。,John kicked the bucket last week.put on airshave green fingerspull ones finger out,约翰上周死了。摆架子很会干园艺活别偷懒,习语的结构特征,8.习语里的形容词相当固定。,pull a long face不能说pull a longer face,习语的语义特征,1.习语的意义是一个整体，也就是说，我们必须把习语作为一个整体来学习。,let the cat out of the bag（泄密）,rain cats and dogs,习语的语义特征,2.许多习语在意义上具有两面性，即，具有字面意义又有习语意义，而它们的字面意义与习语意义可说是风马牛不相及，如果没有上下文作参照，是很难确定一个表达式是字面义还是习语义。,a rainy day miss the boat,雨天/艰难时刻 失去机会/误船,习语的语义特征,3.有些习语的字面意义明显违反思维逻辑或生活逻辑。,face the music think on ones feet,勇敢面对思想敏捷,习语的语义特征,4.不能通过类比或推理创造新的习语义。,be under the weather（感到不舒服）,be above the weather,man Friday girl Friday,习语的语义特征,5.比喻是习语意义的明显特征，也是习语的重要修辞手段。,as blind as a batfood for thought,近乎瞎的引人深思的事,Match work,see red dark horse make believe pop the question eat ones heart out play cat and mouse with show a clear pair of heels,假装发火，生气求婚逃走黑马暗自伤神戏弄,Match work,join forces join the forces in a mood in the mood behind closed doors put the finger on someone behind the scenes give someone a kick,心情不好有兴趣，想做秘密地，私下地参军让某人感到高兴联合起来在幕后告发某人,Thanks for your listening!,