英汉语言的对比.ppt
英汉语言的对比,第一课时 词法对比,语义对比,“红”&“red”红白喜事:weddings and funerals红包:red paper bag of reward红茶:black tea红得发紫:very influential红粉:woman;beauty红光满面:ones face glowing with health;in ruddy health,1.词义相符(semantic correspondence or equivalence)e.g.房子:house阳光:sunshine医生:doctor苹果:apple工厂:factory大气污染:air pollution温室效应:greenhouse effect历史遗产:historical heritage,2.词义相异或词义冲突(semantic noncorrespondence)词汇语义范围不同(semantic scope)e.g.杀:一般只能用于人和动物,不能用于植物或无生命的东西;kill可以用于有生命的东西,也可以用于无生命的事物。,黑死病是一种夺取过千百万人生命的疾病。The Black Death was a disease that killed millions.他给树浇了太多的水,把树浇死了。He killed the tree by spraying it too heavily.他天天在那边的公园里消磨时光。He kills time every day at the park.那次错误毁掉了他的机会。That mistake killed his chances.他的笑话真是笑死人。His joke nearly killed me.,词的指称意义(referential meaning)相同,但语用意义(pragmatic meaning)不同“荷花”能产生“出淤泥而不染”的联想,而“lotus”则没有;“黄”可以联想到“黄袍”,与“皇帝”联系起来,而“yellow”却不能。,词的指称意义与语用意义都不同“龙”包含着“至高无上”、“唯我独尊”的含义,常常引申为“中华民族”;“dragon”没有在汉语里具有的意义,甚至还包含有“邪恶”的意义,常被形容凶悍强暴的人,尤指悍妇或母夜叉。,“凤”即“凤凰”,是古代传说中的百鸟之王,羽毛美丽,雄的叫凤,雌的叫凰,常用来象征祥瑞;“phoenix”是“不死鸟,长生鸟”,是埃及神话中的一种鸟,相传这种鸟在沙漠中生活五百年后身焚,然后又从其焚灰中再生,这与“凤凰”不同。翻译“龙凤呈祥”(dragon and phoenix bringing prosperity)时,应该加注。,3.词汇空缺(lexical gap/zero)如:汉语中的亲属词“姐姐、妹妹、哥哥、弟弟、婶婶、阿姨”等,在英语中只有“sister,brother,aunt”。采用意译、直译、直译加注释、音译(transliteration)、音译加注释等方法。,e.g.气功:qigong太极:tai chi功夫:kong fu麻将:mahjong喇嘛:lama炒面:chow mein衙门:yamen,西施:Xishi(a famous beauty in the ancient Kingdom of Yue),词语搭配,以“做”为例:做饭:do cooking做礼拜:go to church做生日:give a birthday party做戏:put on a show做官:be an official做人:conduct oneself做东:play the host做伴:keep pany做人情:do sb.a good turn做梦:have a dream,第二课时 句法对比,“主语优先”&“话题优先”,英语属于“主语优先”(subjectprominent)的语言;汉语属于“话题优先”(topicprominent)的语言。e.g.宗教不得干预政治。No one should interfere with politics in the name of religion.,意合与形合(parataxis&hypotaxis),汉语:“形散神聚”,重意合;英语:“以形驭意”,重形合。英语句子好比一棵参天大树,一串葡萄,一串珍珠,一树荔枝。而汉语句子好比一根竹子,一盘珠子,一江波涛。英汉、汉英翻译的过程就是把像“竹子”等一样的东西与“大树”等一样的东西之间进行转换的过程。,英语句子是以动词为中心的空间组合体;汉语句子是随时间和事理的流动性结构。,e.g.1.他们妯娌吵嘴,不巧被我撞见了。I chanced to be present when the sisters-in-law were having a quarrel.2.好不容易才说服她,照我的想法办。With some difficulty I brought her round to my way of thinking.3.酒不醉人人自醉。It is not the wine that intoxicates but the drinker who gets himself drunk.,(若)知彼(又)知己,(则)(虽)百战(而)不殆;(若)不知彼而知己,(则)(将)一胜(及)一负;(若)不知彼(又)不知己,(则)每战(将)必殆。You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself.You will win one battle and lose another if you know yourself but are in the dark about the enemy.You will lose every battle if you are in the dark about both the enemy and yourself.,