新题型快速阅读策略.ppt

新题型快速阅读策略,一、题型概述,改革后，传统的阅读理解文章由4篇减少至2篇，新增“篇章词汇理解（Depth in Reading）”和“快速阅读理解（Skimming and Scanning）”各一篇。“快速准确”是今后四级阅读部分考察的重点,新增的快速阅读要求在15分钟内完成一篇1000-1200字左右的文章和后面的10道题。快速阅读属于信息密集性文章（Information-intensive Reading），体裁一般为说明文，题材涉及环保、科技、教育、文化、产品说明书等。文章下面的十个题，前七个是判断是非，即7个陈述句，要求考生判断陈述的内容与文中给出的信息相符合时选Y（for Yes）；陈述的内容与文中给出的信息相矛盾的时候选N（for N）；陈述的内容在文中未题集或找不到依据时选NG（for Not Given）；后三个是补充句子题（答案基本都是原文中出现的原词）。在备考过程中，务必有意识地训练自己Skimming&Scanning的能力。,判断是非这种题型的难度在于，在对和错之外还有第三种状态：未提及（NG）。很多同学难以区分“No”和“NG”，判断题中的Y，N，NG对考生的语言基本功，逻辑理解是一个挑战。（若为No则表示可以改正的，NG则不确定，可能无法改正）。,二、解题步骤,（一）定位，找出题目在原文中的出处。1.仔细阅读各小标题并综合归纳出文章的主旨或主题例（样题）Landfills(废渣填埋地)How much Trash Is Generated?How Is Trash Disposed of?What Is a Landfill?Proposing the LandfillBuilding the LandfillWhat Happens to Trash in a Landfill?How Is a Landfill Operated?,【题目】1.The passage gives a general description of the structure and use of a landfill.【解析】文章前三段为总论，将前六个小标题综合归纳为the structure of a landfill，最后一段作为the use of a landfill 的归纳依据，本题陈述符合原文给出的信息，故答案为Y。,2.找出题目中的关键词，最好先定位到原文中的一个段落。【原文】Americans generate What happens to this trash?Some recycled or recovered and some is burned,but the majority is buried in landfills How Is Trash disposed of?About 27 percent of the trash is recycled or composed,16 percent is burned and 57 percent is buried in landfills.The amount of trash buried in landfills has doubled since 1960.The United States ranks somewhere in the middle of the major countries(United Kingdom,Canada,Germany,France and Japan)in landfill disposal.The United Kingdom ranks highest,burying 90 percent of its solid waste in landfills.,【题目】2.Most of the trash that Americans generate ends up in landfills.【解析】本题考察词语的转换。判断本题陈述正误，应带着陈述中关键词及线索词在文中查找定位点，即通过查读（Scanning）理解明确表达的概念或细节。根据谓语动词ends up 可把答案依据定为于标题为How Is Trash Disposed of?段，ends up 与is disposed of 同义。,3.从头到尾快速阅读该段落，根据题目中的其它关键词，在原文中找出与题目相关的一句或几句话。确定一个段落后，答案在该段落中的具体位置是未知的。所以，需要从头到尾快速阅读该段落，找出该段落中与题目相关的一句话或几句话，通常是一句话，如：【题目】2.Most of the trash that Americans generate ends up in landfills.,【解析】本题陈述中Most 及ends up 为关键词，landfills为线索词。上面的解析中已经确定本题答案依据定位于How Is Trash Disposed of?段，再根据另一个关键词Most可把范围缩小到57 percent is buried in landfills 和第二段中的 but the majority is buried in landfills.Most,the majority,57 percent 均可看作“大多数”，因此本题陈述符合原文内容，答案为Y。本题属于典型的数字概念转换题，如果在今后的考试中出现 most,majority,measure,fee,size,cost,speed等与数字有关的名词时，可直接与原文中的某一具体数字联系在一起。,4.仔细阅读这一句话或几句话，若是判断题，注意对号入座；若是填空题，回到原文中出处找答案。（根据第二大步中的原则和规律，确定正确答案，第二大步见后）5.要主要顺序性，即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。快速阅读的题目基本是按照信息点在文章中重现的顺序来出题的，掌握这一点，考生就能很快为信息定位，从而节省答题时间。第一题的答案应在文章的前部，第二题的答案应在第一题的答案之后。这个规律也有助于大家确定答案的位置。,6.在解答题目时，对原文出现的副词以及题目中出现的副词要特别加以注意。副词在程度高低，范围大小，局部整体，经常偶尔等方面的区别往往是解题的关键。,(二)判断，根据下列原则和规律，确定正确的答案。在做正误判断题时可对号入座，加快解体的速度和准确率，但不要僵化理解。1.判断题1）Y（for Yes）(1)题目是原文的同义表达，通常用同义词或同义结构 例1：（样题）【原文】but the majority is buried in landfills,57 percent is buried in landfills.【题目】2.Most of the trash that Americans generate ends up in landfills.【解析】most majority,57 percent;ends up-buried,例2（样题）【原文】in most parts of the world,there are regulations that govern where a landfill can be placed and how it can operate.【题目】5.In most countries the selection of a landfill site is governed by rules and regulation.【解析】in most countries in most parts of the worldthe selection of a landfill site where a landfill can be placedis governed by rules and regulations there are regulations that govern,例3：【原文】Few are more than five years old.【题目】Most are less than five years old.【解析】题目与原文是同义结构，few are more than（很少超过）与most are less than（多数少于）意思相同，所以答案应为Y。（2）题目是根据原文中的几句话做出归纳或推断。此类题目要求考生简单推断，但有时有些考生会走入另一个极端，即自行推理或过度推理。例1：【原文】Compare our admission inclusive fare and see how much you save.Cheapest is not the best.If you compare our bargain Daybreak fares,beware most of our competitors do not offer an all inclusive fare.,【题目】Daybreak fares are more expensive than most of their competitors.【解析】虽然文章没有直接提到的费用比绝大多数的竞争对手都贵。但从原文几句话中可以推断出Daybreak和大多数的竞争对手相比，收费更高，但服务的项目要更全，这与题目的意思一致，所以答案是Y。例2：【原文】For example,it has demonstrated that rapid response leads to a greater likelihood of arrest or if responses are in the order of 1-2 minutes after a call is received by the police.When response times increases to 3-4 minutes still quite a rapid response the likelihood of an arrest is substantially reduced.,【题目】A response delay of 1-2 minutes may have substantial influence on whether or not a suspected criminal is caught.【解析】从原文的两句话可以推断出：只有反应时间在警察接到电话之后的1-2 分钟，抓住罪犯的可能性才很大。当反应时间增加到3-4 分钟，仍然是非常快的反应，但抓住罪犯的可能性就实质性地降低。所以1-2 分钟的反应延迟会对嫌疑犯是否被抓住产生实质性的影响，故答案为Y。,2）N（for No）(1)题目与原文直接相反，通常用反义词、not加同义词及反义结构。例1（样题）【原文】A landfill is not like a compost pile,where the purpose is to bury trash in such a way that it will decompose quickly.【题目】4.Landfills are like compost piles in that they stepped up decomposition of the buried trash.【解析】原文中说A landfill is not like a compost pile,但题目中却说Landfills are like compost piles，显然两个陈述完全相反，即题目中的陈述与原文中的陈述相矛盾，故本题答案为N。,例2：【原文】A species becomes extinct when the last individual dies.【题目】A species is said to be extinct when only one individual exists.【解析】可以看出题目与原文是反义结构。原文中说一个物种当最后一个个体死亡时，才叫灭绝。而题目说只有一个个体存活时，就叫灭绝，题目与原文直接相反，所以N。(2)原文是两个或多个情形（通常是两种情况）都可以，常有bothand,and,or及also等词，有时正好是相反。原文是多个条件并列，题目是其中一个条件，即题目是“必须”或“只有”其中一个情况，常有must及only等词。,例1（样题）【原文】In the United States,taking care of trash and building landfills are local government responsibilities.【题目】6.In the United States the building of landfills is the job of both federal and local government.【解析】原文说，在美国，照料（处理）垃圾及修建垃圾填埋洼地是地方政府的责任，但在题目种则说，在美国，修建垃圾填埋洼地是联邦政府和地方政府两者共同的义务，这与原文所提供的信息相矛盾，故本题答案为N。,例2：【原文】Booking in advance is strongly recommended as all Daybreak tours are subjected to demand.Subject to availability,tickets can be purchased from the driver.【题目】Tickets must be bought in advance from an authorized Daybreak agent.【解析】原文说提前预定是强烈建议的，因为所有的Daybreak旅行都是由需求决定的。如果还有票的话，可直接向司机购买。原文是强调提前预定、直接向司机购买都可以，是多个条件的并列。题目是“必须”提前购买，是“必须”其中的一个情况，所以N。,(3)题目是原文中的比较级的误用或与原文表示比较概念的词语相混淆。例（样题）【原文】The United States ranks somewhere in the middle of the major countries(United Kingdom,Canada,Germany,France and Japan)in landfill disposal.The United Kingdom ranks highest,burying 90 percent of its solid waste in landfills.【题目】Compared with other major industrialized countries,America buries a much higher percentage of its solid waste in landfills.,【解析】原文中说，美国在主要工业化国家把垃圾掩埋处理中大约占中间的位置，紧接着下一句中提到：The United Kingdom ranks highest burying solid waste in landfills.而题目中说的 America buries a much higher percentage of its solid waste in landfills.则与原文矛盾。Much higher in the middle of,故答案N。判断此题答案的干扰信息为原文第二段中的This is almost twice as much trash per person as most other major countries.但这句话只是讲美国人制造垃圾的量，而不是题目中的垃圾处理的方式。,(4)原文和题目中使用了表示不同范围、频率和可能性的词。原文中常有many（很多），sometimes（有时）及unlikely（不太可能）等词。题目中常用all（全部），usually（通常），always（总是）及impossible（不可能）等词。例1：【原文】Frogs are sometimes poisonous.【题目】Frogs are usually poisonous.【解析】sometimes usually,例2：【原文】Without a qualification from a reputable school or university,it is unlikely to find a good job.【题目】It is impossible to get a good job without a qualification from a respected institution.【解析】原文的意思是“如果没有毕业于名牌学校或大学的证书，不太可能找到一份好工作”其中unlikely强调的是不太可能。题目中的意思是“如果没有毕业于名牌学院的证书，找到一份好工作是不可能的”，其中impossible强调的是完全不可能，与其过于绝对。Unlikely impossible，所以N。,(5)原文中包含条件状语，如if，unless或if not。题目中去掉了这些表现条件状语的成分。这时，答案应为N。例：【原文】The Internet is a hazardous tool if it is not properly used.【题目】The Internet is dangerous.【解析】原文中有条件状语从句if it is not properly used，题目将其去掉了，所以N。,3）NG（for Not Given）(1)题目中的某些内容在原文中没有提及或文中找不到依据。例（样题）【原文】In addition,there is a household hazardous waste drop-off station for chemicals(paints,pesticides,other chemicals)that are banned from the landfill.Some paints can be recycled and some organic chemicals can be burned in furnaces(熔炉)or power plants.【题目】7.Hazardous wastes have to be treated before being dumped into landfills.,【解析】原文中虽然提到，家庭制造的危险垃圾，即危险垃圾不能用landfill方法处理，接着提到，有些涂料被回收后可反复利用，有些有机化学品可在炉子里或电厂被烧掉，但原文始终没有提及危险垃圾倒进垃圾填埋洼地前如何处理，故本题答案为NG。（2）题目中涉及的范围小于原文涉及的范围，也就是更具体。原文涉及一个较大范围的范畴，而题目是一个具体概念。也就是说，题目中涉及的范围比原文要小。例1：【原文】Tourists in South Africa come mainly from Europe.【题目】Tourists in South Africa come mainly from England.【解析】题目中涉及的概念England比Europe要小，原文中说到南非的游客主要来自欧洲，有可能主要来自英国，也可能主要来自欧洲的其他国家，文章中没给出进一步的信息，所以答案为NG。,（3）题目中有比较级，原文中没有比较。例：【原文】In Sydney,a vast array of ethnic and local restaurants can be found to suit all palates and pockets.【题目】There is now a greater variety of restaurants to choose from in Sydney than in the past.【解析】原文中只是提到了悉尼现在有各种各样的餐馆，但并没有与过去相比，所以NG。,（4）原文是某人的目标、目的、想法、愿望、保证、发誓等，而题目是事实。原文中常用aim（目的），purpose（目的），promise（保证），swear（发誓）及vow（发誓）等词，而题目中用的是实意动词，表示事实。例1：【原文】He vowed he would never come back.【题目】He never came back.【解析】原文中说他发誓将永不回来，但实际上怎么样，不知道。也可能违背了自己的誓言。所以NG。,例2：【原文】His aim was to bring together,once every four years,athletes from all countries on the friendly fields of amateur(业余的)sport.【题目】Only amateur athletes are allowed to compete in the modern Olympics.【解析】原文中提到，他的目的是把各国的运动员每四年一次聚集到友好的业余运动的赛场上，其中aim表示目的，而题目中用实意动词compete表示事实，文章中没说，所以NG。,2.Sentence Completion（补充句子）1）题目中的“形名”结构由原文中的“动副”结构转换而来，即原文中的“动状结构”转换成题目中的“定中（心词）结构”。例（样题）【原文】A landfill,such as the North Wake County Landfill,must be open and available every day.Customers are typically municipalities and construction companies,although residents may also use the landfills.【题目】8.Typical customers of a landfill are_.【解析】原文中的customers are typically转换成了题目中的Typical customers are，但这种转换对整个句子结喉、句子成分及答案的捕捉没有影响，故此空填：municipalities and construction companies。,(2)题目中的句子结构与原文中的句子结构没有明显的区别，答案的确定可根据题目中的某一关键词。例（样题）【原文】As customers enter the site,their trucks are weighed at the scale house.Customers are charged tipping fees for using the site.The tipping fees vary from$10 to$40 per ton.【题目】9.To dispose pf a ton of trash in a landfill,customers have to pay a tipping fee of_.【解析】本题句子结构与原文基本一致，答案只根据题目中的关键词fee可确定此空需要填具体价格。今后此类题出现了fee，cost，speed，size等词时别忘了要填具体数字以为还有表示单位的￥，$,mile 或km/h等,【原文】LandfillsAmericans generate trash at an astonishing rate of four pounds per day per person,which translates to 600,000 tons per day or 210 million tons per year!This is almost twice as much trash per person as most other major countries.What happens to this trash?Some gets recycled(回收利用)or recovered and some is burned,but(1)the majority is buried in landfills.How much Trash Is Generated?How Is Trash Disposed of?About 27 percent of the trash is recycled or composed,16 percent is burned and(2)57 percent is buried in landfills.The amount of trash buried in landfills has doubled since 1960.(3)The United States ranks somewhere in the middle of the major countries(United Kingdom,Canada,Germany,France and Japan)in landfill disposal.The United Kingdom ranks highest,burying 90 percent of its solid waste in landfills.,What Is a Landfill?(4)A landfill is not like a compost pile,where the purpose is to bury trash in such a way that it will decompose quickly.Proposing the Landfill(5)In most parts of the world,there are regulations that govern where a landfill can be placed and how it can operate.(6)In the United States,taking care of trash and building landfills are local government responsibilities.Building the LandfillWhat Happens to Trash in a Landfill?,How Is a Landfill Operated?A landfill,such as the North Wake County Landfill,must be open and available every day.(8)Customers are typically municipalities and construction companies,although residents may also use the landfills.As customers enter the site,their trucks are weighed at the scale house.Customers are charged tipping fees for using the site.(9)The tipping fees vary from$10 to$40 per ton.(7，10)In addition,there is a household hazardous waste drop-off station for chemicals(paints,pesticides,other chemicals)that are banned from the landfill.These chemicals are disposed of by private companies.(7)Some paints can be recycled and some organic chemicals can be burned in furnaces(熔炉)or power plants.,Other structures alongside the landfill are the borrowed area that supplies the soil for the landfill,the runoff collection pond and methane(甲烷)station.Landfills are complicated structures that,when properly designed and managed,serve an important purpose.In the future,new technologies called bioreactors will be used to speed the breakdown of trash in landfills and produce more methane.,【题目】The passage gives a general description of the structure and use of a landfill.Most of the trash that Americans generate ends up in landfills.Compared with other major industrialized countries,America buries a much higher percentage of its solid waste in landfills.Landfills are like compost piles in that they stepped up decomposition of the buried trash.In most countries the selection of a landfill site is governed by rules and regulation.In the United States the building of landfills is the job of both federal and local government.Hazardous wastes have to be treated before being dumped into landfills.Typical customers of a landfill are_.To dispose pf a ton of trash in a landfill,customers have to pay a tipping fee of.Materials that are not permitted to be buried in landfills should be dumped at.,1.Y 2.Y 3.N 4.N 5.Y 6.N 7.NG8.Typical customers of a landfill are municipalities and construction companies.9.To dispose pf a ton of trash in a landfill,customers have to pay a tipping fee of$10 to$40 per ton.10.Materials that are not permitted to be buried in landfills should be dumped at household hazardous waste drop-off station for chemicals.,三、高分策略,（一）一定要尊重原文，要依据原文，不能凭借常识或背景知识加以判断。应将思路严格限制在文章所给范围内。比如：有一道讲国际互联网的题目，其中题目说上网的人要多缴电话费。对于大多数中国学生来说，这是个不争的事实，所以很多人选了Y，而正确答案应该是NG，因为在全文任何一个地方都没有提及上网和电话费之间的关系。原文是判断的唯一根据。所以，无论你对文章内容或背景多么熟悉，或者你的知识多么丰富，都不能凭借自己的知识来确定答案。即使题目中说“地球是正方形的”，如果文章中没有提到，就只能是NG，而不是N。,例“【原文】His aim was to bring together,once every four years,athletes from all countries on the friendly fields of amateur(业余的)sport.【题目】Only amateur athletes are allowed to compete in the modern Olympics.【解析】有的同学会认为，现在奥运会中有很 多职业运动员参赛，所以相当然地选N。可是这是你自己的知识，文章中没有说，所以NG。,（二）可以根据原文做出适当的推断，但不能做无根据的自行推断或过度推断。有些题目需要根据原文做适当的判断，才能确定正确答案，但必须是根据原文来做判断，不能做毫无根据的推理。而且一般来讲，即使有推理，也只推一步，不要推的过深。有些阅读水平好的同学，如果不掌握前面的规律和方法，做这种题型反而错得更多，主要原因就是想得太多，或推理得太多和太深。,（三）题目中若出现must，only，all及always，答案一般不会是Y。题目中出现这种词很常见，95的答案都不是Y。是N还是NG就不一定了，需要根据上面讲的规律再做判断，但一般情况下答案是N的比例更大一些。,（四）答案选择有一定的规律 1.七个判断题中三种答案都要出现，答案为N和Y的比例相当，不然试题设计得偏或者不严密，达不到测试的目的。因为答案为NG的题难度最大，出现的比例一般最小，尤其在四级考试中，如最新公布的710分样题中，1.Y 2.Y 3.N 4.N 5.Y 6.N 7.NG。2.可以连续两题答案都一样，如都是Y，但一般不会考到连续三个或更多题答案都一样。连续三个题答案都一样的情况不多见。,（五）要相信自己的第一感觉，不要轻易改答案 在考试中，除非有特别强的理由，否则就不要轻易改答案，人的第一感觉往往是正确的。很多同学都将正确的答案给改错了。,四、良好的阅读习惯和阅读技巧,除了平时养成良好的阅读习惯外，也要掌握正确的阅读技巧，一般包括以下几种：（一）略读（Skimming）略读又称跳读（reading and skipping）或浏览（glancing），是一种专门的非常实用的快速阅读技能。所谓略读，是指以尽可能快的阅读速度，迅速获取文章大意或中心思想。换句话说，略读是要求读者有选择地进行阅读，可跳过某些细节，以求抓住文章打大概，从而加快阅读速度。,略读可以运用下列技巧：要利用印刷细节（typegraphical details）如书或文章的标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等，对书和文章进行预测略的（preview Skimming）。预测阅读要了解作者的思路、行文的模式，以便把握大意，有关的细节及其相互关系。以一般阅读速度（200-250wpm），阅读文章开头的一、二段，力求抓住文章大意、背景情况、作者的文章风格、口吻和语气等。阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意，然后略去细节不读，以求得略读速度。注意转折词和序列词。转折词如however,moreover,in addition等。序列词如firstly，secondly等。若无需要，不要阅读细节。,（二）细读（Reading for full understanding）细读是指阅读者对全文有了整体印象的前提下所进行的深入细致