学术英语如何写文献综述.ppt

Unit Four,How to Write Literature Review,How to Write Literature Review,What is a review of the literature?Stages of writing literature reviewSkills of writing literature reviewTasks a literature review must doElements comprised in literature review,What is a review of the literature?,A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by scholars and researchers.,What is a review of the literature?,In writing the literature review,your purpose is to demostrate a clear understanding of the topic being investigated,namely:what has been done on the topic?what different scholars have said about their own research?what major finding have been published?what controversial area exist?,文献综述概念（也叫文献阅读报告）,文献综述的概念(“review”,“summary”,“survey”,“past,present,and future”,etc.)意义和目的是总结和综合该方向前人已经做了的工作，了解当前的研究水平，分析存在问题，指出可能的研究问题和发展方向等。文献综述是对某一学科、专业或专题的大量文献进行整理筛选、分析研究和综合后提炼而成的一种学术论文，是高度浓缩的文献产品。其特点是“综”和“述”“综”要求对文献资料进行综合分析、归纳整理，使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次；“述”则要求对综合整理后的文献进行比较全面的、深入的、系统的、客观的论述。,Ask yourself questions before writing a literature review,What is the specific thesis,problem,or research question that my literature review helps to define?2.What type of literature review am I conducting?Am I looking at issues of theory?methodology?policy?quantitative research(e.g.on the effectiveness of a new procedure)?qualitative research(e.g.,studies)?,Ask yourself questions before writing a literature review,What is the scope of my literature review?What types of publications am I using(e.g.,journals,books,government documents,popular media)?What discipline am I working in(e.g.,nursing psychology,sociology,medicine)?,Ask yourself questions before writing a literature review,4.How good was my information seeking?Has my search been wide enough to ensure Ive found all the relevant material?Has it been narrow enough to exclude irrelevant material?Is the number of sources Ive used appropriate for the length of my paper?,5.Have I critically analysed the literature I use?Do I follow through a set of concepts and questions,comparing items to each other in the ways they deal with them?Instead of just listing and summarizing items,do I assess them,discussing strengths and weaknesses?,Ask yourself questions before writing a literature review,6.Have I cited and discussed studies contrary to my perspective?7.Will the reader find my literature review relevant,appropriate,and useful?,What is a review of the literature?,A literature review is a very important part of the research project.It may be a self-contained review like one as a separate assignment,but more often it is a part of the introduction to an academic essay.,文献中表达不同功能的常用句型P140,fuction 1：review the previous related studieseg:Many studies have been conducted on.Several authors have undertaken.by means of a statistical approach solving.fuction 2:state the previous studies limitationeg:However,there is little definite information concerning.However,previous research in this field has been limited/restricted to.fuction 3:announce the direction for their studies eg:.could possibly be achieved with further study.Further research is still required with respect to.,Four stages,Problem formulationwhich topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues?Literature searchfinding materials relevant to the subject being explored Data evaluationdetermining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic Analysis and interpretationdiscussing the findings/ideas and conclusions of relevant literature,文献综述的写作一般经过以下几个阶段：选 题（分析主题、学科和信息类型）搜集阅读文献资料 拟定提纲（归纳、整理、分析）成 文,Two skills,Besides enlarging your knowledge about the topic,writing a literature review lets you gain and demonstrate skills in two areas:information seeking:the ability to scan the literature efficiently,using manual or computerized methods,to identify a set of useful articles and books critical appraisal（批判性评价）:the ability to apply principles of analysis to identify unbiased and valid（有效的）studies.,Four tasks,A literature review must do these things:be organized around and related directly to the thesis or research question you are developing synthesize（合成，整合）results into a summary of what is and is not known identify areas of controversy in the literature formulate questions that need further research,2023/9/18,17,1.文献综述 in its broad sense学科领域性文献综述从严格意义上来说，学科领域性文献综述与“读书报告”或者“文献学习报告”更加相似，强调“综”而非“述”。这个综述的主要目的和任务是关注学科领域的轮廓,介绍学科发展的历史沿革、归纳整理主要研究流派和主要学术观点、理清热点研究方向。,2023/9/18,18,专题性文献综述专题性文献综述比较学科领域性综述而言，在范围上要更狭窄，讨论的问题要更具体、明确。这个综述实际上是我们确定研究方向的重要标志，因此，在所关注的学科领域内选择自己感兴趣并有研究潜力的专题进行文献探讨，追踪理论前沿、发现和初步界定研究问题是本次文献综述的主要任务。,小结：如果我们把学科领域性文献综述比喻为一颗“树木”，那么专题性文献综述就是这颗树上分叉的“树枝”。对于本科生来说，应该先确定这颗“树”，再确定“树枝”，最后才是“开枝散叶”（也就是我们的论文）。,2 文献综述的不同分类,根据写作目的和内容的侧重点动态性综述(developmental review)成就性综述(result review)争鸣性综述(contentious review)按时间来划分可分为回顾性综述(retrospective review)前瞻性综述(prospective review)。根据作者的参与情况，可分为归纳性综述(inductive review)评论性综述(critical review),2023/9/18,21,3.选题,选题来源：一般来说，文献综述的选题有两种来源，一种是由导师指定，属于命题作文，另外一种是由学生在导师的研究方向下，根据自己的研究兴趣和能力自行选题。,2023/9/18,22,4.文献检索,检索文献的途径（1）图书馆数据库。中文数据库：中国期刊网镜像*、清华学术期刊网、维普、万方*等。最常用的是中国期刊网，清华学术期刊网期刊总体质量较高，但追溯时间不太长。,2023/9/18,23,外文数据库：EBSCO*：可追溯至1932年，经管类的文献比较全，多为权威期刊，且大多能查到全文。目前图书馆最好的经管类数据库。Proquest系列（尤其是ABI/Inform和ARL）：非常好的数据库。特点是比较全面，期刊追溯时间长，但有时只有题录，没有原文。Springer link*：其特点按期刊名分类，多为SCI收录的。Elsevier Science Direct OnLine(SDOL)（免费试用）。有全文，但追溯时间短。少数情况下，有些文献在EBSCO和Proquest系列数据库中只能查到题录，但可以在该数据库中查到全文。,2023/9/18,24,硕博学位论文库：,万方学位论文库*清华期刊网PQDD学位论文全文检索系统CALIS镜像站 UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations(PQDD),2023/9/18,25,（2）INTERNET 免费学术资料库:http:/。http:/http:/http:/有一些在EBSCO和Proquest上查不到全文的文献，在这里可以免费查到。,Elements comprised in literature review,An overview of the subject,issue or theory under consideration,along with the objectives of the literature review Division of works under review into categories(e.g.those in support of a particular position,those against,and those offering alternative theses entirely)Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument,are most convincing of their opinions,and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of research,2.文献综述的写作,标题与作者(title and author)摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)引言(introduction/overview)述评(review)结论(conclusion)参考文献(references)其中最为核心的部分是引言、述评和结论,2.1引言(Introduction)/前言部分,在综述的前言（或者导言、引言、介绍）部分要写清以下内容：首先要说明写作的目的、研究领域。阐述有关概念的定义。阐述本次综述的框架。,引言的内容和结构特点,两个内容：一是提出问题；二是介绍综述的范围和内容。提出问题时，作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的；介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时，作者应使用简明扼要的语句加以概括。,表定义或解释句型,被定义为:is defined as/has been defined as所谓是指:Byis meant/Bywe mean指的是:refers to包括:includes有种类型:.is/can be classified into;There arekinds of,表现状和分歧句型,据发现/报道/证实：It has been found/reported/proved that 依然是一个尚待解决的问题：remains an unsolved problem.第一种理论认为,而第二种理论则认为:The first theory proposes that,whereas the second theory proposes that一些文献报道；而另一些人持不同观点:Some papers have reported that;however,other groups have disputed these findings.,表内容和目的句型,本综述的目的是：The purpose/aim/object of this review is to下面本文就作一简单综述：In the following,a brief review is given of/about本篇综述的目的是着重阐述：In this review,we aim to highlight我们将回顾有关的研究：We will review published studies on本文主要阐述：This review focuses on,2.2述评(Review)/主题部分,主题部分，是综述的主体，其写法多样，没有固定的格式。可按文献发表的年代顺序综述，也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述。By Chronological order，By publication，By Trend，By Thematic Option不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较述评，在此基础上列出与主题有关的所有重要学术观点，然后分别加以论述，以便读者获得全面的了解。,述评的内容和结构特点,叙述时使用一般过去时，评论时使用一般现在时或现在完成时。分析评论，特别是表达作者自己的观点时，要客观、谨慎，因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测的语言形式。,（1）表述观点,研究表明：Studies show that据（已经）发现：It is(has been)found that/sb.found that据报道：It is(has been)reported that有人指出：It has been pointed out that业已证明:It has been proved/showed that已观察到：It has been observed that,（2）探讨可能性,可以有把握地说：It may be safely said that由此可见：It can be seen from this that有（不）可能：It is(not)possible/probable/likely that是合乎情理的:It stands to reason that显然:It is obvious/clear/apparent/evident that目前尚无证据说明:There is no proof of,2.3综述的结论(Conclusion）,结论不仅是作者对全文的总结，也是作者发表个人意见的部分，一般有标题Conclusion或Summary，较短的综述如果没有小标题，则往往有As mentioned above，To sum up，To conclude，In short，In all等短语引出结论。,结论的内容,对述评的归纳、对各种问题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。语言方面，除了使用一般现在时态外，大量使用现在完成时，以强调该研究到目前所取得的成果。另外，表比较和评价的语言形式也是该部分的语言特点之一。,2023/9/18,39,论文格式要求,摘要（小5宋体，100-300字）；关键词（小5号黑体，3-5个，分号隔开）一、一级标题（5号黑体）（二）二级标题（5号楷体）正文（5号宋体参考文献（小5号宋体）1 袁庆龙，候文义Ni-P合金镀层组织形貌及显微硬度研究J太原理工大学学报，2001，32(1)：51-53.打印：A4,上下2.5，左右2.0，左侧装订14-16周提交并答辩,