非谓语动词(语法专题复习9).ppt
2006高考英语语法复习专题(9)非谓语动词,一、考点聚焦1、非谓语动词的句法功能,2、动词不定式使用时应注意的几个问题（1）不定式作表语与“be+to do sth.”的异同。不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。His job is to guard.(说明内容)be+to do sth.(表示按计划要做的事)（2）带不定式作宾语的词语。下列词语常不定式作宾语：afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等。下列动词后可接疑问词+不定式：teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find out、advise、discuss等。（3）如何理解和使用不定式作宾补。,动词see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的宾补用动词原形，变被动时要加to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。常用带不定式作宾补的几种情况：主语+ask/require/tell/order/force/get/want/like+sb.to do sth.主语+think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/imagine/feel+sb.+to be/to have done主语+call on/upon/depend on/wait for/ask for+sb.+to do sth.（4）不定式作定语的特殊用法。,下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、way、the first、opportunity、the second、the last、the only等。不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。There is no one to look after her.不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。She is now looking for a room to live in.（5）不定式作状语的用法。不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果。We hurried to the classroom only to find none there.,in order(not)to,so as(not)to用来引导目的状语,enough,too,so as to do,such+名词 as to do作结果状语，如:The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.Im not such a fool as to believe that.（6）不定式的完成时的特殊用法。表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。The novel was said to have been published.I regret to have been with you for so many years.seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等动词常用于上面句型。,此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。Im sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.对不起，请稍等。（说话时还未等）Im sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。（说话时已等了很久）不定式的完成时还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。（A）should like to/would like to/would love to+不定式的完成时。（B）was/were to+不定式的完成时，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。（C）expect/hope/mean/promise/suppose/think/want/wish+不定式完成时，表示过去未曾实现的愿望。,（7）不定式的省略。同一结构并列由and或or连接。I want to finish my homework and go home.Im really puzzled what to think or say.特例：To be or not to be,this is a question.He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比)不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省略。What he did was lose the game.句中含有动词do时，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。Dont do anything silly,such as marry him.主句含有不定式，后面有rather than,rather than后省to。,Why not、had better、would rather、cant but等词后省to。如：He could not but walk home.（8）不定式的替代。多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如：Susan is not what she used to be.You came late last night.You ought to have finished your homework.I know I ought to have.常见的有：Id like/love/be happy to.,3、动名词复习中应注意的几个问题（1）动名词作宾语。下列动词后只能接动名词：suggest,finish,avoid,stop,cant help,mind,enjoy,require,practise,miss,escape,pardon,advise,consider,imagine,keep,appreciate,permit。下列动词短语接动名词：leave off,put off,give up,look forward to,feel like,have trouble/difficulty(in)doing sth.devote to,get used to,pay attention to,be fond of,be worth。介词后要接动名词。what about、how about、without、be fond of、be good at等介词后接动名词。注意on/upon doing sth.=as soon as 引导的从中。作此意讲时on/upon后也可以接名词。如on his arrival。,动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语的区别：begin,start,continue,like,love,dislike,hate,prefer,cant stand,remember,forget,regret,try,want,require,need,4、分词复习应注意的几个问题（1）现在分词在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。时间状语（分词作状语前面可加when,while等）Hearing the good news,he jumped with great joy.Not having finished her work in time,the boss fired her.原因状语Seeing nobody at home,he decided to leave them a note伴随状语The girls came in,following their parents.结果状语The poor old man died,leaving nothing to his children.,注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。遵循的规则“主动进行，被动完成”。人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。（2）分词作表语。S.+be+动词-ed表示被动，主语是人；S.+be+动词-ing表示主动，主语是物。分词作宾补不定式作宾补的区别：感官动词 动词原形做了某事S+宾语+现在分词正在做某事 使役动词 过去分词做了或被做,5、复习过去分词应注意的几个问题过去分词作状语，相当于一个状语从句，有来说明原因、时间、条件等。（1）过去分词作原因状语Tired by the trip,he soon feel asleep.=Because he was tired by the trip,he soon fell asleep.Lost in thought,he almost ran into a car.=As he was lost in thought,he almost ran into a car.（2）作时间状语Seen from the hill,the city looks like a garden.=When the city is seen from the hill,it looks like a garden.,（3）作条件状语Given more time,I would have worked out the problem.=If I have been given more time,I would have worked out the problem.（4）伴随状语The teacher came in,followed by some students.=The teacher came in and was followed by some students.分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。如：Her grandfather being ill,she had to stay at home looking after him.,二、精典名题导解选择填空1._such heavy pollution already,it may now be too late to clean up the river.(NMET 2001)Having suffered B.SufferingC.To suffer D.Suffered,解析：答案为A。本题考查分词短语作状语的用法。分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语，而本句的主语看似是it,其实它为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式，而不定式省略了逻辑主语for people，所以应用现在分词，又因already，应用完成时。,2.One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them.(2001年春季高考)correct B.correctingC.corrects D.to correct,解析：答案为B。本题考查动名词作介词宾语的用法。介词by意为“通过，凭”，后面常接动名词，形成“by+v.ing”结构，表示通过做某事而得到某种结果。本题中只有correcting符合。,3.The picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew.(2000年春季高考)having hung B.hangingC.hangs D.being hung,解析：答案为B。本题考查现在分词作定语的用法。根据句意“墙上挂的那幅画是我侄子画的”，可知空白处所填的动词形式在句中作定语，表说话时仍在进行的动作或所处的解题关键在于分析picture与hang之间的逻辑关系。,
