语言学基本内容概念.ppt
,第一单元1 Design features of language：arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement.2.Functions of language：Informative,Interpersonal（人际-）,Performative施为-,Emotive,Phatic communion寒暄语，Recreational，Metalinguistic元语言功能3 Main branches of linguistics:Phonetics(speech sounds)语音学/Phonology音系学/Morphology:(words)形态学/Syntax:(structures of sentences)句法学/Semantics语义学/Pragmatics语用学Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Important distinction in linguistics:Descriptive(native)vs prescriptive/Synchronic共时&diachronic studies历时/Langue vs parole/Competence vs performance运用/,第二单元1 Phonetics divisions:Articulatory phonetics/Acoustic phonetics/Auditory phonetics2 trachea 气管/vocal folds(cords)声带:/glottis声/epiglottis会厌/hard palate硬颚/velum软颚/uvula小舌/alveolar ridge 齿/labium唇/larynx喉/pharynx咽3 obstruction of the air stream in the production of-4 IPA/stop(plosive)爆破音 nasal鼻音 fricative摩擦音 affricate破擦音 bilabial唇音 labio-dental唇齿音 alveolar齿龈音 velar 软腭音 uvular小舌音 RP 标准发音GA 通用美国英语 coarticulation协同发音 aspirated送气音 phoneme 音位 minimal pairs最小对立体 allophone音位变体 assimilation 同化 unvoiced清音 epenthesis syllable structure音节结构 open/closed syllable开音节 stress重音intonation语调 tone音调,Consonants 1)Manners of articulation:stop/fricative2)Places of articulation/bilabial,dental,alveolar3)Voicing:voiced vs voiceless or unvoiced 4)Nasal vs oral:/m/,/n/,/vs other consonants 5)Lateral vs central:/l/Vowels is produced without obstruction of air in the pronunciation of vowels 1)The part of the tongue that is raised:front/i:/,central/,back/2)The height of the tongue:high,mid,low;closed/i:/,half closed/e/,half open/,open/a/3)The degree of lip rounding:rounded/u:/,unrounded/i:/4)Monophthong vs diphthong or pure vowels vs glidings:/a/,/au/5)Long vs short vowels or tense vs lax vowels:/i:/,/I/,3 WORD-Open/Closed-class封闭/开放类词words whose membership is fixed(infinite)or(un)limited-Word classes分类:categories of words classified according to their grammatical,semantic,phonological properties or on the basis of formal similarities in terms of inflections and distribution:interjections!Article冠词/New word classes identified:Particles小品词(to,not,subordinate element in phrasal verb),auxiliaties助词(traditional-do,can),pro-forms代词形式,determiners限定词,-morpheme语素minimal units of meaning,包括free/bound-自由/粘着-&affixes,roots,stems-Formation of words词的形成:the process of word variations signaling lexical relationships/compounding/derivation-Compound复合:words that consist of more than one free morpheme or the way to join two or more separate words to produce a single form/completely united,hyphenated,separated/noun,verb,adjective,prepositional compounds/endocentric and exocentric（离心的）compounds-Allomorph语素变体morphemes may have different shapes or phonetic forms-lexical changes：new words/invention,compounding,derivation,blending,fusion熔合法,abbreviation缩写词,acronym缩略语,backformation逆构词法,borrowing借词,-Loanwords借词:both form and meaning are borrowed with only a light adaptation-Broadening词义扩大:to extend the meaning of a word from its original specific sense to a relatively general one/Narrowing词义缩小:the original meaning of a word is narrowed or restricted to a specific sense,3 补充：*Identification of word:stability,uninterruptibility,a minimum free form*Lexeme词位:basic abstract units of the lexicon/realized in different grammatical forms*Morphophonology形态音系学:relationship between phonology and morphonology5 SENSE-Sense relations涵义关系/sense abstract properties of an entity-synonymy同义关系:sameness relation-Antonymy:反义关系 oppositeness relation/Gradable antonymy等级反义(cover term or unmarked term),Complementary antonymy:互补反义关系,Converse antonymy反向反义关系-Hyponymy上下义关系:meaning inclusiveness/(superordinate上坐标词,hyponyms or co-hyponyms下义词/同下义词,4 句法-Syntactic relations句法关系:1positional relations,or word order 位置(sequential arrangement of words in a language)横/2Relation of substitutability替代关系（sets of words or expressions substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure）纵/3Relation of co-occurrence同现（words of different classes require the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a particular type of sentences）-syntagmatic/paradigmatic：横组合关系/纵聚合关系-immediate constituents直接成分:if a construction is analyzed into two constituents at a level immediately below that construction-coordination/subordination:并列/从属关系-syntactic function句法功能:the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used.are expressed in such terms as subject,object,predicate,complement-syntactic category语法范畴:the defining properties of language units like nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs/number数,gender性,case格,tense,aspect,voice语气,mood语态,degree,concord(agreement)一致关系,government-folk etymology 俗词源学-recursiveness：递归性there is no limit to the number of linguistic elements embedded嵌入 into one linguistic element-cohesion:连贯a concept to do with discourse or text rather than with sentences.It refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text and defines it as a text.,第一单元1 Design features of language：arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement.2.Functions of language：Informative信息,Interpersonal（人际-）,Performative施为-,Emotive,Phatic communion寒暄语，Recreational，Metalinguistic元语言功能3 Main branches of linguistics:Phonetics(speech sounds)语音学/Phonology音系学/Morphology:(words)形态学/Syntax:(structures of sentences)句法学/Semantics语义学/Pragmatics语用学Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Important distinction in linguistics:Descriptive(native)vs prescriptive/Synchronic共时&diachronic studies历时/Langue vs parole/Competence vs performance运用/,第二单元1 Phonetics divisions:Articulatory/Acoustic/Auditory phonetics2 trachea 气管/vocal folds(cords)声带:/glottis声门/epiglottis会厌/hard palate硬颚/velum软颚/uvula小舌/alveolar ridge 齿龈/labium唇/larynx喉/pharynx咽3 obstruction of the air stream in the production of-4 IPA国际音标/stop(plosive)爆破音 nasal鼻音 fricative摩擦音 affricate破擦音 bilabial唇音 labio-dental唇齿音 alveolar齿龈音 velar 软腭音 uvular小舌音 RP 标准发音GA 通用美国英语 coarticulation协同发音 aspirated送气音 phoneme 音位 minimal pairs最小对立体 allophone音位变体 assimilation 同化 unvoiced清音 epenthesis 增音 syllable structure音节结构 open/closed syllable开音节 stress重音intonation语调 tone音调,Consonants 1)Manners of articulation:stop/fricative2)Places of articulation/bilabial,dental,alveolar3)Voicing:voiced vs voiceless or unvoiced 4)Nasal vs oral:/m/,/n/,/vs other consonants 5)Lateral vs central:/l/Vowels is produced without obstruction of air in the pronunciation of vowels 1)The part of the tongue that is raised:front/i:/,central/,back/2)The height of the tongue:high,mid,low;closed/i:/,half closed/e/,half open/,open/a/3)The degree of lip rounding:rounded/u:/,unrounded/i:/4)Monophthong vs diphthong or pure vowels vs glidings:/a/,/au/5)Long vs short vowels or tense vs lax vowels:/i:/,/I/,
