语言学导论-第8章LanguageSociety.ppt
Language and society,Language and society,Sociolinguistics 社会语言学to study the relation between language and society,between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live,Two approaches,Macro sociolinguistics 宏观社会语言学(a birds-eye view)To consider how language functions in the society and how it reflects the social differentiations.Micro sociolinguistics 微观社会语言学(a worms-eye view)From the point of view of an individual member within itHow language functions in the communication between members of the society,Two main subjects,Speech community 言语社区the social group that is singled out for any special sociolinguistic study Speech variety 言语变体any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.3 main types：regional dialects,sociolects-usersregisters-use,Major concerns,Varieties of language Standard dialect Pidgin and CreoleBilingualism and Diglossia,Varieties of language,Dialectal varieties 方言变体Register 语域Degree of formality 正式度,Dialectal varieties,Regional dialect 地域方言Sociolect 社会方言Language and gender 语言与性别Language and age 语言与年龄Idiolect 个人语言Ethnic dialect 种族方言,Regional dialect 地域方言The linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region Causes:geographical barriersloyalty to ones native speechphysical&psychological resistanceAt present:decreasing of geographical variation in language,Dialectal varieties,拯救方言,Sociolect 社会方言 the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social classsame geographical regionsame regional dialect Features:phonetic features:-n-inggrammatical level:I cant eat nothing.accent:Received Pronunciation(RP)标准发音(upper class speech,high-status marker),Dialectal varieties,speak differently,Language and gender 语言与性别 Intonation 语调Female:a wider range;low-rise intonationLexicon 词汇Female:more adjectives of evaluation:nice,lovely,cute,fantastic more intensifiers:awfully,really,On the wholeFemale:more correct,less assertive,more polite,Dialectal varieties,Language and age 语言与年龄Lexical difference:e.g.,icebox-fridge火星文：符号、繁体字、日文、韩文、冷僻字或汉字拆分后的部分等非正规化文字符号组合而成（似乱码或错字，不规范，字面无法了解）偶口以跟你作朋友吗？3Q 你是我的好麻吉！私今天没事做。海皮，粉，河蟹，小盆友，,Dialectal varieties,Idiolect 个人语言A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional,social,gender,and age variationsE.g.,Hemingway,LuxunIn a narrow sensevoice quality,pitch,speech tempo,rhythm,Dialectal varieties,Ethnic dialect 种族语言 mainly spoken by a less privileged population E.g.,Black EnglishSimplification of consonant clusters:mend,desk,told,Deletion of“be”:You crazy.They mine.Double negation:He dont know nothing.I aint afraid of no ghosts.,Dialectal varieties,Register,“Language varies as its function varies;it differs in different situations.”(Halliday)Register:the type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situationthree social variables that determine the registerfield of discourse tenor of discoursemode of discourse,Three social variables,Field of discourse 语场:words,grammarthe purpose(why)subject matter(about what)Tenor of discourse语旨:sentence structure,tonethe participates(who)(what relationship)Mode of discourse 语式:cohesion,style the means(how),E.g.,technical or non-technical,E.g.,customer-shop assistant,teacher-student,E.g.,oral,written,Register,Field?Tenor?Mode?,Register,Degree of formality,Five stages of formality(Martin Joos)Intimate:Up you go,chaps!Casual:Time you all went upstairs now.Consultative:Would you mind going upstairs right away,please?Formal:Visitors should go up the stairs at once.Frozen:Visitors would make their way at once to the upper floor by way of the staircase.Note:differences in syntactic,lexical and phonological level,Standard dialect,standard variety:a superimposed,socially prestigious dialect of a languagethe government and the judiciary systemthe mass mediaeducational institutionsFeatures:Based on a selected variety of the languageNot a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialectE.g.,Chinese:Putonghua,Pidgin&Creole,Pidgin 洋泾浜英语:(“business”)a special language variety that mixes or blends languages used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading,洋泾浜英语歌谣集,来叫克姆（COME）去叫谷（GO），是叫也司（YES）勿讲拿（NO），一元洋钿温得拉（ONE DOLLAR），廿四铜钿吞的福（TWENTY-FOUR），翘梯翘梯喝杯茶（HAVE TEA），雪堂雪堂请侬坐（SIT DOWN），红头阿三开泼度（KEEP DOOR），自家兄弟勃拉茶（BROTHER），爷叫泼茶娘卖茶（FATHER/MOTHER），丈人阿爸发音落（FATHER IN LAW）。,Pidgin&Creole,Creole 克里奥尔语a pidgin which has become the primary language of a speech communityacquired by the children of that speech community as their native languageE.g.,English-based creole of Jamaica French-based creole of Haiti,Bilingualism&Diglossia 双语,Bilingualismtwo languages are used side by side in some speech communities,with each having a different role to play E.g.,Paraguay:Spanish&Guarani Pakistan:English&UrduDiglossiatwo varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community,with each having a definite role to playprestigious,formal,high common,colloquial,low E.g.,Haiti:French&Creole,
