语法讲解-主谓一致A.ppt

,主谓一致,主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称、数和意义方面必须和主语保持一致。把握主谓一致问题，主要解决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定，进而选择适当的谓语。,解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则 概念一致原则 毗邻一致原则 很多情况下应该综合利用这三个原则来处理主谓一致，在不同情况下可能应用三个原则中的不同原则，具体应用哪种原则应该视具体情况而定。总结如下：,一.谓语动词用单数的情况二.谓语动词用复数的情况三.谓语动词可用单数，也可以用复数的情况,一.谓语动词用单数的情况,1动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语，谓语用单数。如：Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job.To understand them(be)impossible.Reading without comprehension(be)no good.,一.谓语动词用单数的情况,2.表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时，谓语用单数。如：Two weeks was too long.Five times five makes twenty five.Seventy miles(be)covered in a single night.,3.当anybody,anyone,each,either/neither,everybody,everyone,nobody 或 no one,one,somebody/someone 等代词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式：Is anybody there?Neither of them knows the truth.Nobody is willing to give up their chance.,一.谓语动词用单数的情况,注意,“either,neither 和 none+of+复数名词或代词”作主语时，谓语动词一般要用单数，但有些语法学家认为应用复数形式：Either of the girls is/are on their way home.Neither of them has/have replied.None of the suggestions was/were accepted.,4当and 连接的两个单数形式的名词作主语，在意义上指同一人、同一物、同一事或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数.如:law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水 fork and knife 刀叉 time and tide 岁月 trial and error 反复尝试，不断摸索 bread and butter 奶油面包,一.谓语动词用单数的情况,His warmest admirer and severest critic was his wife.他的妻子是他最热心的崇拜者和最严厉的批评者。Whisky and soda(be)always my favorite drink.War and peace(be)a constant theme in history.,一.谓语动词用单数的情况,注意：在each and each,every and every 等结构后，谓语动词则只能用单数形式：Each boy and each girl is asked to help.Every meeting room and every bedroom is occupied.,一.谓语动词用单数的情况,5表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词以及表示国家、组织等名称的专有名词是复数形式，作主语时候谓语动词用单数形式 arthritics关节炎 statistics统计学 measles 麻疹 phonetics 语音学 optics 光学 genetics 遗传学 General Motors 通用公司 the Netherlands 荷兰 the New York Times 纽约时报 the United Nations 联合国,如：Linguistics is a branch of study on human language.语言学是研究人类语言的分支学科。Statistics is an indispensable analytical tool in modern society.统计学是现代社会必不可少的分析工具。Measles(be)much less common now than it used to be.General Motors(be)a large multinational company.,一.谓语动词用单数的情况,6.a pair of+由两部分构成的物体的名词（如：shoes,scissors,glasses,jeans,pants,trousers 等）做主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：My new pair of pants is being altered.A pair of glasses costs quite a lot these days.但是这些名词直接作主语时，谓语用复数。如：My black trousers have worn out.我的黑裤子已经穿破了。,二.谓语用复数情况 1.由and,both and,连接的并列主语，和both,a few,many,several 等修饰语后面谓语动词通常用复数形式 如：Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college.注意：此处应注意 and 连接的并列主语的两种情况。见P8,二.谓语用复数情况,2.集体名词police,public,militia(国民军),cattle,class,youth后常用复数形式的动词 如：The Chinese people are brave and hardworking.The cattle are grazing in the sunshine.,二.谓语用复数情况,3当表示民族的词与冠词合用当主语，谓语动词用复数形式。翻译：日本民族曾经很具有侵略性。The Japanese were once very aggressive.4某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人，做主语时候，谓语动词用复数 翻译：有钱人并不都自私。The rich are not always selfish.,三.谓语用单数或复数的情况,1 就近一致原则 这种情况下，谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近该动词的主语的单复数，存在这种情况的主要由以下几种可能：,就近一致原则,1）由连词 eitheror;neithernor;whether or;not onlybut(also);等连接的并列主语 如：Neither money nor fame(have)influence on me.Not only you but also he(be)wrong.,就近一致原则,2)在倒装结构中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语一致 如：1.Beside the gate stands a tall grave-faced policeman.2.Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.,三.谓语用单数或复数的情况,2 主语带有（together/along）with,accompanied by,as well as,no less than,except,besides,combined with,in addition to,including,等等附加成分，谓语的数不受附加成分的影响仍然与主语保持一致.如：The president of the college,together with the deans,(be)planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.,三.谓语用单数或复数的情况,3一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时候，谓语动词的数取决于名词的数，名词是复数，谓语动词用复数，反之就用单数。这些短语包括：a lot of/lots of;plenty of/heaps of;half of;two thirds(three fourths)of;eighty(ten,twenty)percent;part of;rest of 等等,如：Two thirds of people present are women.Lots of damage(be)caused by the fire.,注意：all,half,some 及most 做主语时，其谓语动词及其相应的代词应按照概念一致的原则，根据其表达的概念或所接of 后的名词的数来确定。All that he wants(be)a quiet room.All of the fruit(look)ripe.All of the cherries(look)ripe.,Most of the food tastes delicious.Most of the books are interesting.Some of the sugar is damp.Some of the students go there by us.,三.谓语用单数或复数的情况,4集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意思和数，当表示整体时候，谓语动词就用单数，当强调集体中的个体时候，谓语动词就用复数。这些集体名词如：army,audience,band,government,group,flock,police,public,staff,team,troop,crowd,firm,family 等等 The family(is/are)the basic unit of our society.The family(were/was)watching the TV.,三.谓语用单数或复数的情况,5.在“one of+复数形式+形容词从句”结构中，关系代词who,that 或which 的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one,所以，从句中的谓语动词要按毗邻一致的原则，采用复数形式。He is one of those persons who always think they are right.One of the tourist cars which(be)brand-new went dead because of a loose wire.,但是，如在one 前面有修饰the only 时，关系代词指代的则是one,而不是靠近它的复数名词，所以，从句中的谓语动词按语法一致的原则用单数形式：He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.,6某些固定结构中主语与谓语的数 第一组：a great many+可数名词复数 谓语用复数 a number of+可数名词复数 谓语用复数 the majority of+可数名词复数 谓语用复数 第二组；the number of+可数名词复数 谓语用单数 each/every of+可数名词复数 谓语用单数 neither/either of+可数名词复数 谓语用单数 one and a half+可数名词复数 谓语用单数,第三组；more than one+可数名词单数 谓语用单数 many a+可数名词单数 谓语用单数,Lets do the exercises!,语法一致原则,语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上一致，即根据主语来决定其谓语动词的单、复数形式。主语为单数形式，谓语动词也用单数；主语为复数形式，谓语动词亦为复数：The content of these books is very good.The results of examination show that you have all made good progress.,概念一致原则,概念上一致指的是动词和主语在数上的一致不是根据其外部语法形态，而是根据主语所表达的内在涵义。有时，主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词则依意义而定，采取复数形式：The crowd were fighting for their lives.有时，主语形式虽为复数，但意义上视为单数，谓语动词则采用单数形式。Five thousand dollars is more than he can afford.,毗邻一致原则,毗邻一致指的是谓语动词的人称和数与最近的词语（名词或代词）保持一致：Here is a pen,a few envelopes and some paper for you.Neither you nor she is a lazy student.,