英语语法状语从句.ppt

状语从句用来充当句中状语的主谓结构称为状语从句；它主要用于修饰句子中的谓语动词，从各个方面来修饰、说明谓语动词发生时的各种情况。在英文里，状语从句的位置较活：可以放在主句之前再用逗点与主句隔开；也可以放在主句之后。由于它是从各个方面来修饰、说明谓语动词发生时的各种情况，所以常见的状语从句有九种之多。各种不同的状语从句所使用的关系词也各不相同。,1)时间状语从句常用的关连词有：when（当时候）,whenever（在任何时候）,while（当时候）,as（正当时）,every/each time（每次）,before（在以前）,after（在以后）,since（自以来）,till/until（直到）,as soon as（一就）,the moment（一就）,the minute（一就）,hardly when（刚就）,no sooner than（刚就），等,要点提示：1）主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，那么从句用一般现在时 他回来时，汤姆会告诉他事实真相的。明天要是下雨，他就不踢足球了。,Tom will tell him the truth when he comes back.他回来时，汤姆会告诉他事实真相的。He will not play football if it rains tomorrow.明天要是下雨，他就不踢足球了。,我们见面时，我会告诉你有关情况的。正当他在做试验时，他发现情况有些不常。请趁热吃。自我们上次分手至今已有两年多了。,2）注意till/until在表达方式和意义上的特殊性：until是till的强调形式，但是它们表达的意义是相同的，都表示“直到某时”。不过，当主句是否定句时，它引出的意思是“直到（某时）（某动作）才（发生）”，这时候常会出现“not until”的结构，如果将“not until”的结构放在句首，那么主句要写成倒装句。例如：,他昨晚直到十二点钟才睡觉。直到我们向他们指出了他们的错误，他们才意识到。倒装Not until we pointed out their fault to them did they realize it.,He didnt go to sleep until 12 last night.他昨晚直到十二点钟才睡觉。They didnt realize their fault utill we pointed it out to them.直到我们向他们指出了他们的错误，他们才意识到。Not until we pointed out their fault to them did they realize it.直到我们向他们指出了他们的错误，他们才意识到。,2)地点状语从句常用的关连词有：where（在地方）,wherever（无论在什么地方），等。例如：那些大学毕业生们决心去最需要他们的地方。他们在阳光雨水充分的地方植树。有志者事竟成。,The university graduates are determined to go wherever they are needed most.那些大学毕业生们决心去最需要他们的地方。They are planting trees where there is plenty of water and sunlight 他们在阳光雨水充分的地方植树。,3)条件状语从句常用的关连词有：if（如果，假如）,unless（除非，要不就不）,as long as（只要）,so long as（只要）,provided(that)（只要），suppose/supposing（假设），on condition(that)（如果），等。例如：I may not come to see you recently unless I can complete the project ahead of time.除非我能提前完成那个项目，否则我最近不会来看你了。或者：除非我能提前完成那个项目，我最近才会来看你了。,只要我们团结成一个人，我们肯定能实现我们的目标。如果我们弄不到必要的数据，我们怎么办？如果我们能保持清洁，他们答应让我们在他们的办公室里开会。,We can surely attain our goal as long as we are united as one.只要我们团结成一个人，我们肯定能实现我们的目标。What shall we do if we can not get the necessary data?如果我们弄不到必要的数据，我们怎么办？They promised to let us have a meeting in their office on condition(that)we could keep it clean.如果我们能保持清洁，他们答应让我们在他们的办公室里开会。,。3.suppose/supposing：有时由它们所引出的条件状语从句常与主句分开而独立成句，但其意义和作用还是条件状语从句。这种情况多数出现在科技文章及某些论文里。例如：Suppose no more rain fell into the Atlantic Ocean and no more water was brought to it by rivers.It would take the ocean about 4,000 years to dry up.,假如不再有雨水注入大西洋，不再有河水流入大西洋的话；大约需要四千年的时间大西洋才会枯竭。假定为你的观点是正确的，你打算如何证明这一点呢？假设这个可怜的女孩就是你的；我们想了解你知道多少关于她的情况。,Suppose your statement is right.How are you going to prove it?假定为你的观点是正确的，你打算如何证明这一点呢？Suppose this poor girl is yours.Wed like to know how much you know about her.假设这个可怜的女孩就是你的；我们想了解你知道多少关于她的情况。,4)原因状语从句常用的关连词有：because因为,as由于,for 由于,since既然，由于,now that 既然，由于,not that but that 不是因为而是因为，等。例如：他今天不能去讲课了，因为他患了重感冒。我或许无法参加你的婚礼了，不是我不想去而是近来有些事情缠着我无法脱身。由于大家都知道这件事，我就不在这件事上多花时间了。既然你们忙得够呛，我们就不再麻烦你们了。,He cant deliver his lectures today because he has got a bad cold.他今天不能去讲课了，因为他患了重感冒。I may not be able to attend your wedding party not because Im not willing to but because Ive been caught by something recently.我或许无法参加你的婚礼了，不是我不想去而是近来有些事情缠着我无法脱身。I wont dwelt too much time on this matter as it is known to everybody.由于大家都知道这件事，我就不在这件事上多花时间了。Since you are busy enough we wont trouble you any more.既然你们忙得够呛，我们就不再麻烦你们了。,要点提示：1）关于because,as 和 for 这三个词都是表示原因的连词，其中以because的语气为最强,它表示导致某事情发生的“直接原因”；而as和for则表示某些“间接的理由”。另外，as引导的原因状语从句可以放在句首，而for则不行。例如：现在下着这么大的雨，我们不得不改变去郊游的计划。由于天气晴朗，我们决定去登山。由于她长得漂亮、人又好而深受大家喜欢。,Because it is raining heavily,we have to change our plan to go outing.现在下着这么大的雨，我们不得不改变去郊游的计划。As the weather was fine,we decided to climb up the mountain.由于天气晴朗，我们决定去登山。She is loved by all for she is kind and pretty.由于她长得漂亮、人又好而深受大家喜欢。,2）关于since和now that 这两个词在表示原因的时候是近义词，都有表示“既然”的意思。但其不同之处在于：now that只能以“新发生的情况”作为某事发生的原因；而在表示“既然”意思的时候就没有这种限制。例如：Now that the rain is going to stop,wed better get ready for the afternoons match.Since youre so interested in English,why not have a try in the English Speech Contest?既然你对英语这么有兴趣，为什么不试一试参加英语演讲比赛？,5)让步状语从句常用的关连词有：though（虽然）,although（虽然），as（尽管，虽然）,even if（即使）,even though（即使）,however（不管怎样）,whatever（无论什么）,whoever（无论谁）,no matter when(how,what,who,where,which)无论何时（怎样，什么，谁，何地，哪个）,whether or（不管），等。例如：尽管我们看不见空气，但它却无处不存在。无论你走到地球的什么地方，你都会感觉到地引力。,Air exists everywhere although we cant see it.尽管我们看不见空气，但它却无处不存在。No matter where you go on the earth,you will feel the gravity.无论你走到地球的什么地方，你都会感觉到地引力,无论他来不来，我们将准时开会。即使我们即将完成试验,我们依然要分秒必争。尽管他上了年纪却还是依然精力充沛,Well start our meeting on time whether he comes or not.无论他来不来，我们将准时开会。Even if we are approaching the end of the experiment,we still have no time to lose.即使我们即将完成试验,我们依然要分秒必争。Although he is old,he is still energetic.尽管他上了年纪却还是依然精力充沛,6)方式状语从句常用的关连词有：as（如同，按照）,as if（似乎，仿佛）,as though（似乎，仿佛），等。例如：他的英文几乎说得如讲英语母语的人一样。他讲英文的样子似乎象说英语母语的人。她看上去身体不适好像患有重感冒。,He speaks English almost as a native speaker does.他的英文几乎说得如讲英语母语的人一样。He speaks English as if he were a native speaker.他讲英文的样子似乎象说英语母语的人。She looked unwell as though she got a bad cold.她看上去身体不适好像患有重感冒。,7)目的状语从句常用的关连词有：so that（以便，为了）,in order that（为了）,lest（以免，以防）,in case（以免，以防）,for fear（以免，以防），等。例如：为了超额完成任务，我们应该全力以赴。你最好将电话号码留给我，以便我下次来之前可以先给你打个电话。电池应该放在干燥的地方，以免漏电。,We should do our most in order that we may be able to over fulfill the task.为了超额完成任务，我们应该全力以赴。Youd better leave your phone number,so that I can call you before I come next time.你最好将电话号码留给我，以便我下次来之前可以先给你打个电话。Batteries must be kept in dry places for fear that electricity leak away.电池应该放在干燥的地方，以免漏电。,要点提示：表示肯定意思so that,in order that是“为了使发生”；以及表示否定意思lest,in case,for fear是“为了使不发生，（以免，以防）”。另外，在表示否定意思的目的状语从句中，谓语动词往往用“should+动词原形”或“动词原形”两种虚拟句式。例如：He took his umbrella with him lest it rain.他带了雨伞，以防下雨。Ill keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind.我给你留个座，没准你会改变主意。,8)结果状语从句常用的关连词有：that（结果，以至），so that（结果，以至），so that（如此以至）,such that（如此以至），等。例如：那座山太高了，她无法登上山顶。天气这么好，人人都感到高兴、快乐。.他太过分劳累以至生病而卧床。,The mountain is so high that she cant climb it up to the top.那座山太高了，她无法登上山顶。It is such a lovely day that everybody feels happy and gay天气这么好，人人都感到高兴、快乐。.He overworked too much that he fell ill in bed.他太过分劳累以至生病而卧床。,要点提示：so that 和such that都是引导结果状语从句的从属连词，它们都表示“如此以至”的意思，但其要求的句型结构不一样：so+形容词或副词+that；such+名词+that。例如：他跑得太快了，他弟弟赶不上他。他是那么个调皮的孩子，以至在邻里中不受欢迎。她生得太可爱了，从她身边经过的人都忍不住要看她一眼。,He ran so fast that his brother couldnt catch up with him.他跑得太快了，他弟弟赶不上他。He is such a naughty boy that he becomes unwelcome in his neighborhood.他是那么个调皮的孩子，以至在邻里中不受欢迎。She looks so lovely that everybody cant help taking a look at her when passing her by.她生得太可爱了，从她身边经过的人都忍不住要看她一眼。,9)比较状语从句常用的关连词有：than（比）,as as（如一样）,“the+比较级,the+比较级”（越越），等。例如：Her mother is not as tall as she(is).她妈妈没有她高.He is taller than his brother.他比他弟弟个高一些。他们越多地发现有关人脑的情况，他们就有越多的问题无法回答。计算机在当今社会里起着越来越大的作用。,The more they discover about the brain,the more questions they cant answer in that area.他们越多地发现有关人脑的情况，他们就有越多的问题无法回答。Computers are playing a more and more important role in our modern society.计算机在当今社会里起着越来越大的作用。,主语从句连词：that,whether who,what,which,whoever,whatever when,where,how,why.It 的用法It possible/important/necessary/clear that很可能/重要的是/必要的是/很清楚It said/reported that.据说/据报道Its been announced/declared that.已经通知/宣布It seems/appears/happens.that显然、明显、碰巧.Its no wonder that并不奇怪/无疑,表语从句作用：对主语进行解释说明。连词：that，whether，what，who，why等等 as if as though也可以用来连接。,同位语从句 跟在某些名词后面，对该名词作进一步解释说明。常用名词有belief,fact,idea,hope,news,doubt,result,thought,information,opinion等等。Suggestion,suggest order demand wish等常用连词：that when where why 和how等等。e.g.消息传来，拿破仑要来视察他的军队。Word came that Napoleon would come and inspect his grand army.问题是他是如何做这件事的。Its the question how he did it.,宾语从句：连词：that,whether，if who,what,which,whoever,whatever when,where,how,why.e.g.I wonder who you are.I find it necessary that we should do the homework.特殊宾语从句：1.Im interested in what you are saying.2.Im afraid(that)I have to go now.3.Provided that you had done it,what harm can you see in it?,语序问题,1.The photographs will show you _ A.what does our village look like B.what our village looks like C.how does our village look like D.how our village looks like,2.You can hardly imagine _when he heard the news.A.how he was excitedB.how was he excitedC.how excited he wasD.he was how excited,3.He asked_for a violin.A.did I pay how much B.I paid how much C.how much did I pay D.how much I paid,用关系词填空,1.All of us wonder _ cleaned the classroom.2.The fact _ he didnt keep his promise made me very angry.3._ he is right is certain.4.The truth is _ he has come back.5.He asked _ was the matter.6.I dont know _ or not the professor will give us a lecture.7._ they went there that evening is not clear8._ should be done has been done.,who,that,That,that,what,whether,How,What,1.The question is _the film is worth seeing.A.if B.what C.whether D.how 2.One of the men held the view _ the book said was right.A.that what B.what that C.that D.whether3.They received orders _ the work be done at once.A.which B.when C./D.that 4.Dr.Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge,I cant remember _ A.where B.there C.which D.that5.Energy is _ make things work.A.what B.everything C.something D.anything6.The reason _ I have to go is _ my mother is ill in bed.A.why;why B.why;because C.why;that D.that;because,C,A,D,C,A,C,单项填空,7.He doesnt think the question of _ they are men or women is important.A.whether B if C.which D.why8.He often think _ he can do more for his country.A.what B.how C.that D.which9.It was ordered that all the soldiers _ to the front.A.should send B.must be sent C.should be sent D.must go,A,B,C,1._ made the school proud was _ more than 90%of the students had been admitted to key universities.What;because B.What;that C.That;what D.That;because,2 _ she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interests in her lessons.What;why B.That;what C.What;because D.Why;that3.Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Christmas.Which B.that C.what D.whether,4.Theres a feeling in me _ well never know what a UFO isThat B.which C.of which D.what,5._ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect.What B.That C.This D.Which,6The news _ Lincoln was murdered filled the American peoples hearts with deep sorrow.A.which B.when C.that D.how 7 _ he said at the meeting astonished everyone present.A.What B.That C.The fact D.The matter8 I dont trust his promise _ he will buy me a new car.A.which B.what C.when D.that,9 She received the message _ he would come by plane.A.that B.which C.what D.when10 She received the message _ you sent her the other day.A.that B.which C.what D.when11 _ is no possibility _ Bob can win the first prize in the match.A.There,that B.It,that C.There,whether D.It,which,