英语语法基础-第7讲(名词性从句).ppt

英语语法基础,第七讲 名词性从句,2,一、主语从句,主语从句就是在复合句中起主语作用的从句主语从句有三种：由连接代词和连接副词which，who，how，when，where，why等引导的主语从句由关系代词what引导的主语从句由连词whether，that引导的主语从句,3,1、主语从句概述,A.由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句：连接代词which，who等；连接副词how，when，where，why等在主语从句中作主语、表语、宾语、状语或定语，有自己的意思。例：Whoever will be the monitor makes no difference.Where we will spend our holiday has not been decided.Why he did that is a mystery.在所有的从句中，不用疑问句的语序，即使是由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的从句，也必须用陈述句语序。请比较下面的例句：What did you do yesterday?What you did yesterday is terrible.,4,1、主语从句概述,B.由关系代词what 引导的主语从句：what表示“的事”或“所”，在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。例：What(=The thing)I need is a good sleep.What(=The thing)he did made us all surprised.C.由连词whether，that 引导的主语从句：that只起引导的作用，在从句中没有自己的意思。whether表示“是否”。例：That he got the first prize made his parents so happy.Whether he can get the job is still unclear.,5,2、主语从句的后置,主语是一个单词或短语时，要位于句首。但作为主语从句，因其太长，置于句首时显得头重脚轻，失去平衡，所以多将较长主语从句后置。将主语从句后置时，原来主语的位置上要用it作形式主语。特别是由that引导的主语从句，除为了强调主语或是谓语太长两种情况，一般都将主语后置。例：When man first made use of electricity remains unknown.It remains unknown when man first made use of electricity.,6,2、主语从句的后置,It 作形式主语被普遍使用,并形成较为固定的句型结构，主要有下面四种：A.It+be+形容词+从句It is not likely that this situation will continue very long.It is strange that he left without saying anything.B.It+be+名词+从句It is a pity that I missed the film.It is a secret why he left the country.C.It+动词（+宾语或状语）+从句It seemed to me that he didnt tell the truth.It wont make too much difference whether we have it or not.D.It+be+过去分词+从句It is said that the bridge has existed for more than 300 years.Has it been decided where we are to go for practice?,7,3、主语从句的虚拟语气,主语从句中的谓语动词使用虚拟语气有下面几种情况：A.在表示愿望、建议、命令、要求等含义的动词后面的主语从句，谓语用虚拟语气“should+动词原形”，should可以省略，谓语动词用原形。这类动词主要有：,It is demanded that this parcel be sent off right now.It is desired that you(should)be there on time.,8,3、主语从句的虚拟语气,B.在一些具有建议、命令等意义的形容词后的主语从句中，谓语用虚拟语气“should+动词原形”，should可以省略，谓语动词用原形。这类形容词主要有：,It is possible that he read it in the papers.It is advisable that he(should)begin to study English in the primary school.,9,3、主语从句的虚拟语气,C.有些形容词或名词，可以与带有虚拟语气的主语从句结合使用，表示“惊奇、不满、喜悦和遗憾”等感情色彩。常用于这类句型的形容词或名词有：,It is a shame that you should tell a lie to your mother.如果没有“不满、遗憾”等感情色彩，可以用真实语气。如：It is a pity you cant go with us.,10,二、表语从句,表语从句就是在复合句中起表语作用的从句它位于主句中系动词be之后。此外，一些兼有系动词作用的行为动词后也可跟表语从句，如：appear，become，feel，get，keep，prove，remain，seem，sound等表语从句有三种：由连接代词和连接副词which，who，how，when，where，why等引导的表语从句由关系代词what引导的表语从句由连接词whether，that，as if 引导的表语从句,11,二、表语从句,A.由连接代词和连接副词引导的表语从句：连接代词which，who等；连接副词how，when，where，why等在表语从句中作主语、表语、宾语、状语或定语，有自己的意思。What I dont know is which road we should take.The question is when they can get the tickets.注：下面两个句子也是表语从句，用来说明原因，但是不能用why 引导。The reason is that he overslept.This is because he overslept.,12,二、表语从句,B.由关系代词what 引导的表语从句：what表示“的事”，起名词的作用，在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。His office telephone number is what I want to know.Raw material is what we are in need of.C.由连词whether，that，as if 引导的表语从句：that只起引导的作用，在从句中没有自己的意思。whether表示“是否”。as if 表示“好像，似乎”。例：His main problem is whether he should ask for another loan.She looks as if she didnt care.,13,三、宾语从句,宾语从句就是在复合句中起宾语作用的从句它位于动词（包括非谓语动词，即：不定式、动名词、分词）或介词之后宾语从句有三种：由连接代词和连接副词which，who，how，when，where，why等引导的宾语从句由关系代词what引导的宾语从句由连词that，whether，if引导的宾语从句,14,1、宾语从句概述,A.由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句：连接代词which，who等；连接副词how，when，where，why等在宾语从句中作主语、表语、宾语、状语或定语，有自己的意思，不能省略。例：She asked where she could find the nearest bank.He wanted to know which one is his.B.由关系代词what，whatever 引导的宾语从句：what表示“的事”，起名词的作用，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。例：We will give you whatever help you need.You may write about whatever topic you can think of.,15,1、宾语从句概述,C.由连词that，whether，if 引导的宾语从句：that只起引导的作用，在从句中没有自己的意思，不承担句子成分，可以省略。whether，if不承担句子成分，但有自己的意思，表示“是否”，不能省略。例：She said(that)she didnt accept the gift.Do you know whether the bank is open?注：whether 和 if 都表示“是否”，但在用法上有一定的区别：whether 可以用于主语从句，而 if 不可以。whether 引导的从句可以作介词宾语，而 if 不可以。whether 后面有or not搭配使用时，不能用 if 替换。Whether well have a trip to HK is still unknown.He raised the question of whether we would set up a new school in this area.I dont know whether you lime these books or not.,16,2、宾语从句的后置,在带有复合宾语（宾语和宾语补足语）的句子中，当宾语是从句时，这个宾语必须移到句尾，并且在原来宾语的位置上，用it作形式宾语。请比较下面两种句型：复合宾语的一般句型：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语宾语从句后置的句型：主语+谓语+形式宾语it+宾语补足语+真实宾语（从句）I find this book very useful.I find it very useful that you read aloud when you study English.注：it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是that 从句。,17,3、直接引语和间接引语,我们在引用别人说的话时，通常有两种办法：直接引用人家的原话，被引用的部分称为直接引语。用自己的话把他人的原话表达出来，被转述的部分称为间接引语。在日常生活中，特别是口语中，大量使用的是间接引语。直接引语多用于文字，通常要用引号括起来，与句子的其他部分分离。间接引语多数情况下就是一个宾语从句。例：直接引语：He said:“I am going to see a film this afternoon.”间接引语：He said that he was going to see a film that afternoon.,18,3、直接引语和间接引语,A.直接引语的构成直接引语要用引号与句子的其他部分分开。直接引语对原话不做任何变动，保持原来的句型结构、人称、时态和标点符号等。直接引语没有时态呼应的问题，无需和句子的谓语动词保持一致。例：She said:“I will go to see a doctor this afternoon”.,19,3、直接引语和间接引语,B.间接引语的构成：（1）间接引语的基础是直接引语，只要了解由直接引语转为间接引语的原则，即可写出正确的间接引语。直接引语转化为间接引语有以下原则：去掉冒号和引号，用从属连词将间接引语与主句相连，构成一个主从复合句。人称要做相应的调整。时态调整，要注意时态的呼应。时间状语、地点状语和一些指示代词要做相应的调整，它们的变化规则如下：,20,当带有直接引语的主句的谓语动词是过去时时，其后间接引语中的谓语动词都应该是过去的某一种时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时及过去将来时。例：She said:“I will go to see a doctor this afternoon”.She said that she would go to see a doctor that afternoon.当主句的谓语动词是现在时时，间接引语的动词时态保持不变如果直接引语说的是一般真理和永恒的事实，变为间接引语时，仍保持原来的时态。例：The teacher told the children:“The sun rises in the east.”The teacher told the children that the sun rises in the east.He said:“I was born in 1980 and went to college in 1999.”He said he was born in 1980 and went to college in 1999.,21,22,例：He said:“I am leaving the day after tomorrow.”He said he was leaving in two days time.He said:“I came here last week.”He said that he had gone there the week before.注：这种变化也要根据实际情况灵活掌握。如，说话的地点没有改变及说话的时间还在原时间状语的范围之内，此时就不必做什么改变。,23,3、直接引语和间接引语,B.间接引语的构成：（2）直接引语是疑问句，在变为间接引语时，除了上面提到的变化外，还应注意下面的问题：将疑问句的语序改为陈述句的语序特殊疑问句要用疑问词引导间接引语一般疑问句要用if/whether 引导间接引语例：He asked me:“Are you fond of football?”He asked me whether/if I was fond of football.He asked the boy:“What did you do last night?”He asked the boy what he did the night before.,24,3、直接引语和间接引语,B.间接引语的构成：（3）直接引语是祈使句时，间接引语一般改为动词不定式，而不是宾语从句，同时可以根据句子的意思适当添加一些词，使句子的意思完整。例：The customs officers required:“Show your passports,please.”The customs officers required the passengers to show their passports.The teacher said:“Dont be late tomorrow.”The teacher required us not to be late the next day.,25,3、直接引语和间接引语,B.间接引语的构成：（4）感叹句很少用于间接引语形式，但偶尔也有改为间接引语的。直接引语改为间接引语，语序不变。例：He said:“What a lovely dog it is!”He said what a lovely dog it was.将感叹句改为宾语从句。例：He said:“What a lovely dog it is!”He said that it was a lovely dog.,26,3、直接引语和间接引语,B.间接引语的构成：（5）有间接引语的句子中，其主句的谓语动词除了say，tell，ask之外，应根据句子的具体意思，选用不同的动词。如：,例：He said:“Everyone must be here.”He insisted that everyone had to be here.,27,四、同位语从句,同位语从句是用来说明它所修饰的名词、代词是谁，是什么等。同位语从句通常由连词that引导，that在从句中不承担句子成分。能够带有同位语从句的名词为数不多，它们是具有一定内容含义的抽象名词，同位语从句则说明他们的具体内容。,28,四、同位语从句,常用可以由同位语从句修饰的名词有：,例：There is truth in the old saying that necessity is the mother of invention.注：同位语从句与定义从句很相似，要注意它们的区别。The idea that money means everything is not correct.The idea that he put forward yesterday was not practical.,