英语语法基础-第8讲(形容词性从句).ppt

英语语法基础,第八讲形容词性从句定语从句,2,一、定语从句概述,定语是修饰名词或代词的成分。单词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句都可以作定语。在复合句中起定语作用的从句称为定语从句。因为定语从句对名词或代词起形容、修饰作用，所以又称为形容词性从句。请对比下列各句：I have a very good book.I have a book to read.I have an interesting book.I have a book written by Lu Xun.I have a book about Chinese history.I have a book which the teacher recommended.,3,一、定语从句概述,从上面各句中，我们可以看出，英文的定语有多种表达方式，但无论用什么方式表达，译成中文，都是定语“的”，位于被修饰的名词或代词之前。但在英语中，单词作定语，一般要放在被修饰词之前；短语或从句做定语，必须放在被修饰词之后。定语从句可以修饰名词、代词，或修饰整个句子。例：The man who gave us a talk this morning is Professor Li.Those who want to visit museum sign here,please.She got the first place in a writing competition,which made her parents so proud.,4,一、定语从句概述,定语从句由关系词引导。关系词分为关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that 和关系副词when，where，why。关系词位于先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，并承担句子成分。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。例：The boy who is sleeping is my nephew.boy 是先行词，who是关系代词，引导定语从句who is sleeping，who在从句中作主语。That is the house where I lived ten years ago.the house是先行词，where是关系副词，引导定语从句where I lived ten years ago，where在从句中作地点状语。,5,二、有定语从句的复合句的构成,带有定语从句的复合句实际上是由两个简单句结合而成的。其中一个句子是对另一个句子中的一个名词或代词进行说明或限定，否则，这个句子的意思可能不是很清楚。例：,6,二、有定语从句的复合句的构成,This is a book.My uncle gave me this book.第二句是说明第一句中book的特性“我叔叔送给我的”，而不是其他什么书。可以用关系代词which代替this book，将第二句转变为一个定语从句紧跟在它所需要修饰的词book后面。如下：This is the book which my uncle gave me.关系代词引导定语从句，并在从句中作宾语时，从句中原来的宾语必须去掉。上例中，which已经代替了this book，从句中就不能再重复出现this book了。This is the book which my uncle gave me this book.,7,二、有定语从句的复合句的构成,定语从句的位置：定语从句修饰名词或代词。它在句中的位置是紧跟在被它修饰的名词或代词后面。名词或代词在句中可以承担主语、宾语、表语等多种成分，因此，定语从句也会随着被它修饰的名词、代词，出现在各个不同的位置。名词和修饰它的定语从句组成一个短语，在句子中可以作表语、主语和宾语。例：,8,二、有定语从句的复合句的构成,a girl+she likes dancing=a girl who likes dancingThe girl who likes dancing is my niece.（作主语）This is a girl who likes dancing.（作表语）A journalist wants to interview the girl who likes dancing.（作宾语）,9,三、定语从句的种类,限制性定语从句（限定性定语从句）非限制性定语从句（非限定性定语从句）,10,三、定语从句的种类,A.限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句与其先行词紧密相连，不可分割。如果去掉从句，主句的意思就不完整或是不合逻辑。主句和从句之间没有逗号分开。例：The woman who is speaking at the meeting is a famous lawyer.如果把定语从句去掉，只剩下主句，意思就是：那个女士是个著名的律师。但是，哪个女士呢？意思显然不完整。This is the factory where we worked last year.去掉定语从句，只剩下主句：这是那个工厂。是哪个工厂，意思不明确，所以限制性定语从句决不能被去掉。,11,三、定语从句的种类,B.非限制性定语从句：非限制性定语从句只是对主句加以补充说明，或进一步描述。没有这种定语从句，主句的意思依然完整、清楚。非限制性定语从句可以修饰一个名词、代词，也可以修饰整个主句。非限制性定语从句不能用that引导，当关系代词作宾语时，决不能省略。从句和主句要用逗号分开。例：Tom,who was one of my old friends,came to see me from London.He always comes to help me,which is very kind of him.当非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句时，关系代词代替的是整个句子，被视为一件事，从句中的谓语动词应用第三人称单数。此外，带有非限制性定语从句的复合句，译成中文时，往往译成两个分句。,12,四、关系词的用法,A.关系代词的用法：关系代词有who，whom，whose，which，that等。关系代词本身没有单、复数之分。当他们在从句中作主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数必须与它的先行词一致。例：Those who are singing are my classmates.Anyone who drives car must wear a seat belt.,13,四、关系词的用法,1.who:修饰的先行词必须是人，在定语从句中作主语。The man who has made up his mind to win will never say“impossible”.Do you know the girl who studies at Beijing University?2.whom：修饰的先行词是人，但在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。The old gentleman(whom)you met just now is a famous writer.A distant relative(whom)I knew nothing about has written to me from Australia.3.whose：表示“的”，在定语从句中作定语，可修饰人或物。Is there any room whose window faces the sea?Mary,whose father and mine are brothers,looks like my younger sister.,14,四、关系词的用法,4.which：代替物，在从句中可以作主语，也可以作宾语，作宾语时可以省略。在非限制性定语从句中which也可以代替整个主句。The river which flows through our village is very helpful to the villagers.Sorry,I forgot to bring the magazine(which)you want.The sun heats the earth,which makes it possible for man to live.5.that:既可以代替人，也可以代替物。在从句中可以作主语和宾语，作宾语时可以省略。All(that)I want is a good meal and a good rest.Who is the girl that is talking to the teacher?,15,四、关系词的用法,6.that和which的区别：that和which在引导定语从句修饰物时，一般没有区别，但在某些情况下二者不可以互换。（1）只能由that引导的定语从句 先行词是不定代词all，few，little，much，something，nothing，anything，none，one等。As we all know,all that can be done has been done.There is nothing(that)I can do for you.先行词被all，any，every，each，few，little，no，some等修饰。I have read all the books(that)you gave me.They have got every book(that)they needed.,16,四、关系词的用法,（1）只能由that引导的定语从句 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰。He was the first that gave us some useful advice.The dinner was the most expensive meal(that)I had ever had.先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last修饰。He is the only person(that)I want to talk to.Its the very thing(that)Ive been looking for.先行词既有人又有物 They are talking about some things and persons(that)they remembered.The character and event(that)the author described in his book are very interesting.在以who，which开头的疑问句中，用that以避免重复。Which is the book(that)you are reading?Who is the man that sent the little boy home?,17,四、关系词的用法,（2）只能由which引导的定语从句 引导非限制性定语从句。There has just been a heavy rain,which makes the farmers delighted.We missed the TV play,which was a pity.用于介词后，跟介词一起引导定语从句。This is the factory in which my father worked.China has hundreds of islands,of which Taiwan is the largest one.,18,四、关系词的用法,B.关系副词的用法：关系副词有when，where，why等。1.when:修饰的先行词是表示时间的单词，如：time，moment，month，day，year，在定语从句中作时间状语。when可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。（1）引导限制性定语从句 He still remembers the days when he studied in France.（2）引导非限制性定语从句 Sunday is a holiday,when people do not go to work.2.why:修饰先行词the reason，在从句中作原因状语。Tell me the reason why you were absent yesterday.That is not the reason why you should leave.,19,四、关系词的用法,C.关系代词和关系副词的区别：对于同一个先行词，有时用关系代词，有时用关系副词，判断应该用什么词的原则是：这个关系词引导定语从句时，在句子中是作主语、宾语还是作状语。作主语、宾语时用关系代词，作状语时用关系副词。请比较：This is the school where I studied 10 years ago.（在从句中作地点状语）This is the school which was set up 10 years ago.（在从句中作主语）This is the school(which)we set up 10 years ago.（在从句中作宾语）,20,四、关系词的用法,D.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句：介词+关系代词也可以引导一个定语从句。主要有以下几种形式：1.介词+关系代词which:等于一个关系副词。在此结构中，介词的选用由which 所代替的名词在构成介词短语时与介词的固定搭配所决定。如：,We dont know the time when/at which the meeting will begin.I still remember the day when/on which I first came to school.,21,四、关系词的用法,2.which 所修饰的先行词作带有介词的动词词组的宾语：在这一结构中，介词的选用取决于句子中的动词词组或固定搭配中所需要的介词。例：This is the subject(which/that)they might argue about for a long time.This is the subject about which they might argue for a long time.3.名词/代词+介词+关系代词：I bought a dozen of eggs,half of which were broken when I got home.He has many friends,most of whom live abroad.,22,四、关系词的用法,4.介词+关系代词whom:当关系代词替代的是人而不是物，并在定语从句中作介词宾语时，要用whom。在这一结构中，介词的选用取决于句子中相关结构所需要的介词搭配。例：They are girls with whom my daughter goes to school.They are girls(whom/that)my daughter goes to school with.Is that the teacher to whom you handed your paper?Is that the teacher(whom/that)you handed your paper to?This is the boy for whom we have been looking for a long time.This is the boy(whom/that)we have been looking for a long time for.,23,四、关系词的用法,E.特殊的关系代词as：as 也可以作关系代词，引导定语从句，修饰整个主句，并在定语从句中作主语或宾语。as 主要和such 连用。常用于the same as（与一样），such as（诸如），as is usual（与往常一样），as I see（正如我所知道/看到）的，as often happens(正如经常发生的)等结构中。例：Such stamps as you have collected are very valuable.I am eager to have the same dictionary as you bought the other day.As you know,David writes very well.As is well known,David writes very well.,