汉语句子英译-主语的确定.ppt
,在我到过的城市里，成都是最安静、最干净的。在宽平的街道上走走，使人觉得很轻松，很自由。成都人的举止言谈都透着悠闲,这种悠闲似乎脱离了时代。,在我到过的城市里，成都是最安静、最干净的。在宽平的街道上走走，使人觉得很轻松，很自由。成都人的举止言谈都透着悠闲,这种悠闲似乎脱离了时代。None of the other cities I have visited is as quiet and clean as Chengdu.A walk along its wide and smooth streets makes one feel relaxed and free.The local people talk and move about(conduct themselves)at such a leisurely pace that it seems out of touch with the times.,汉语句子翻译,一、主语的确定,英汉主语差异,中国人天人合一，强调人是自然的主宰，人的主观能动性，因此很多句子以人作主语，认为自然界中只有人有意识、会感知。而英美人主客体分明，因此描述客观事物时，就体现客观性。客体也能与有灵动词搭配。有灵动词 如:看、讲、说、写、杀、切、拿、提、取、爱、恨、哭、笑等。,A few steps across the lawn brought me to a large splendid hotel.穿过草地，没几步我就到了一家豪华的大宾馆。他穿着一件灰色的粗布外套，这衣服他已经穿了好多个冬天了。He was wearing a coarse gray coat,which had seen many winters.,于是，在暮色中匆匆的人群里，总有我赶路回家的身影。Thus the gathering dark often finds me hastening home in a hurrying crowd.,小结-主语成分不同,汉语大量人称代词做主语英语常常用事件、物体做主语，然后使用有灵动词。,英汉主语差异二,汉语的“话题 说明(述题)”句型较常见，汉语的主语与谓语呈一种松散的结构关系，也不是不可或缺的。在文章中，某些句子的主语常常省略才流畅。英语是“主语 谓语”统辖的语言。绝大部分句子都是按“主语 谓语”形式构建而成。英语注重主语，主语对全句具有“全面密切的关系”,它与谓语之间形成互相制约的关系,即要求主语人称和数与谓语的形式一致。,子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎？”Confucius said,“Is it a pleasure to practice in due time what one has learnt?”大家都回家了，我们却得呆在教室，真是太遗憾了。It is a pity for us to stay classroom when most others have come back home.,小结,英语的主语重要，因此一定要有明确主语，就算是形式主语，也很重要。汉语是意合语言，只要意思能让他们体明确，完全可以没有主语。,从语法看差异,英语主语有如下五种:(1)施事主语 The policemen caught the thief.(2)受事主语 The thief was caught.(3)形式主语 It rained yesterday.(4)主题主语 The books very interesting.(5)存在主语There is a book on the desk.而汉语常用的只有1、4两种，另外就是无主句,汉译英时主语的翻译,1、保留原主语作译文主语（教材P124-62、改换主语3、补充主语,改换主语一,以事物词语做主语(英语叙述的客观性)（1）你吃了这药就会好些。If you take this medicine,you will feel better.This medicine will make you fell better.（2）他突然发现地毯上有个深色斑点。He suddenly found a dark stain on the carpet.A dark stain on the carpet caught his eye.A dark stain on the carpet suddenly attracted his attention.（3）她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。She has never thought that he is a dishonest man.It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man.,改换主语二,以动词派生的名词作主语（英语静态、虚）（1）我见到他就恶心。The very sight of him makes me sick.（2）他一想到要返回去，心里就害怕。The thought of returning filled him with fear.（3）那些天里，只要一提到她儿子的名字，她就伤心欲泪。In those days even the mention of her sons name brought tears to her eyes.,时间词做主语,2001年中国成功加入世界贸易组织2001 saw Chinas entry into WTO,补充主语,汉语重意合，无主句及主语省略语多，在翻译成英语时，就需要在译文中把原文隐含或暗示的主语补上，以求符合英语表达的习惯。,搞得我心乱如麻It made me upset.弄不好,就会前功尽弃。If things are not properly handled,our labor will be totally lost(wasted).只见她一身珠光宝气，绰约照人。She showed up in a graceful manner,gleaming with jewelry.,历史上，由于长江不断改道，?在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。A great many lakes have been formed in the area of Wuhan because the Changjiang River changed its course frequently in history.The constant change of the course of the Changjiang River in history help form a great many lakes in the area around wuhan.,确定主语时注意事项,1英语的主语必须符合句中的逻辑关系汉语的主语与谓语的搭配较随意。但英语中,主语与谓语的搭配有讲究。因此,汉译英时,所选择的主语与句中谓语的搭配必须合乎逻辑。例如:（1）他的英语说得很流利。His English speaks fluently。He speaks English quite fluently.（2）我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。Our cause has won victories one after another.We have won one victory after another for our cause.,2、关注前后主语一致,英语句子有转折时，前后谓语动词的主语应尽量保持一致，而在汉语中却可能出现不同的主语，由于汉语重意合，主语改变时可以不明示，所以翻译时要译者要洞察汉语中主语改变的情况，其次要在译文中设法使前后主语一致。例如：语言这东西不是随便能学好的，（）非下苦功夫不可。language is not easy to learn well and requires painstaking effort.,送娘进京看升旗,5月11日凌晨5点04分，微曦中的天安门广场上万头攒动，人们在争看升国旗那庄严的一刻。在里三层外三层的人墙后面，一辆蓝色三轮车上躺着一个穿棉衣、裹棉被的白发老大娘，正注视着冉冉升起的五星红旗。这位88岁的老大娘名叫赵云祥，是山东济南市郊天桥区的农民。她的儿子卢家德去年在北京打工，回家后给老母细细述说了在北京所见到的一切。赵云祥老大娘于是萌发了有生之年上北京亲眼看看的念头。卢家德是个孝子。老母年迈不能坐车，他特地购置了一辆三轮车，从济南到北京的千余里路，他骑了6天，硬是让母亲再有生之年了却了心愿。,棉衣棉被:cotton-padded coat and quilt三轮车:pedicab,tricycle 五星红旗:five-starred red flag 万头攒动:里三层外三层的人墙:层：layer,
