学术英语(一)unit1重点词汇.ppt

Discuss the words meaning,Exercise 1,Exercise 2,Exercise 3,Discuss the words meaning,widespread:_ _Malnutrition in the region is widespreadaffecting up to 70%of children under 5 years old.,existing or happening in many places or among many people,Read the sentences below and use context to write the definitions of the underlined words.One word has been done for you.,e.g.,withhold:_ During the trial,the prosecution was accused of withholding crucial evidence from the defense.,hold back;refuse to hand over or give,If you withhold something that someone wants,you do not let them have it.e.g.The withholding of property from the market may cause prices to be higher than normal.(捂盘可能导致房价过高。)Police withheld the dead boys name yesterday until relatives could be told.(警方昨天拒绝在通知亲属前透露死亡男孩的姓名。),Discuss the words meaning,condemn:_ The film was condemned by some critics for its racial prejudice.,If you condemn something,you say that it is very bad and unacceptable.e.g.Political leaders united yesterday to condemn the latest wave of violence.(政界领袖昨日联合起来对最近激增的暴力事件予以谴责。)It is a document that condemns sexism as a moral and social evil.(这是一份把性别歧视视作道德和社会弊端予以谴责的文件。),to criticize strongly,usually for moral reasons,Discuss the words meaning,address:_ This is a book on environment protection,but in which the problem of the alternative energy sources hasnt been addressed.,to give attention to or deal with a matter or problem,Discuss the words meaning,If you address a problem or task or if you address yourself to it,you try to understand it or deal with it.e.g.You should seek to address those fears when you speak at the meeting.(在会上讲话时你应该尽量消除恐惧。)Throughout the book we have addressed ourselves to the problem of ethics.(整本书中我们都在探讨伦理观的问题。),more,address,n.（收件人的）称呼和地址；演讲；谈吐；献殷勤vt.忙于,专注于；讲演；处理；在写姓名地址,We require details of your name and address.Applications should be addressed to the business affairs editor.He is due to address a conference on human rights next week.The prime minister delivered the keynote address at the conference.I heard him address her as darling.The next meeting will address the problem of truancy.,Now define“address”in each of the following sentences.,prevalence:_ The prevalence of drugs in the city is alarming,which has led to disease and poverty.,the quality of existing very commonly or happening frequently,Discuss the words meaning,流行；盛行；普遍；（疾病等的）流行程度 e.g.They were very surprised by the prevalence of asthma in Britain and western Europe.(他们对英国和西欧哮喘的流行感到很吃惊。)prevalent adj.Smoking is becoming increasingly prevalent among younger women.(抽烟在年轻女性中变得越来越常见。),submit:_ They submitted their reports to the Chancellor yesterday but got no reply yet.,hand over formally,Discuss the words meaning,If you submit a proposal,report,or request to someone,you formally send it to them so that they can consider it or decide about it.e.g.They submitted their reports to the president yesterday.(他们昨天向总统递交了报告。)The employees yesterday submitted a claim for a 9 per cent pay rise.（雇员们昨天提交了一份要求加薪 9%的声明。）,6.ensure:_ Please ensure that all the lights are switched off at night.,make sure,guarantee;make certain,Discuss the words meaning,To ensure something,or to ensure that something happens,means to make certain that it happens.保证;确保;担保 e.g.Before traveling,we must ensure the availability of food and water.(旅行前，我们必须确保能够买到食物和水。)We must ensure our children against contamination by bad ideas.（我们必须保护我们的儿童不受坏思想的侵蚀。）,more,To ensure something,or to ensure that something happens,means to make certain that it happens.保证;确保;担保 If you assure someone that something is true or will happen,you often make them less worried.向保证；使确信；使放心,Compare ensure and assure,Exercise:Fill in the blank with ensure or assure.1.I _ you that she can be trusted to do the job.2.The factory must _ that all the waste is properly and safely disposed of.,assure,ensure,7.overwhelming:_ The overwhelming majority of those present are in favour of the plan.What we need to do next is to carry it out.,too great to rest or overcome,very great,Discuss the words meaning,If something is overwhelming,it affects you very strongly.Or you can use overwhelming to emphasize that an amount or quantity is much greater than other amounts or quantities.极强烈的；势不可挡的；（数量）巨大的，压倒性的e.g.She felt an overwhelming desire to have another child.(她一心想再生一个孩子。)The vote was overwhelming 283 in favour,and only twenty-nine against.(投票的结果是压倒性的283票支持，只有29票反对。),8.conducive:_ The soft lights and music were conducive to a relaxed atmosphere.,making it easy,possible or likely for something to happen,Discuss the words meaning,If one thing is conducive to another thing,it makes the other thing likely to happen 有助(于)的;有益(于)的 e.g.Make your bedroom as conducive to sleep as possible.尽量把卧室布置得适宜睡眠。This is a more conducive atmosphere for studying.这样的氛围更有利于学习。,9.inevitable:_ If the case succeeds,it is inevitable that other trials will follow.,that you cannot avoid or prevent,Discuss the words meaning,adj.不可避免的；必然发生的e.g.Economic crisis is the inevitable outcome of the capitalist system.(经济危机是资本主义制度的必然结果。)同义词(synonym)：unavoidable,10.potential:_ As you are law majors,you are potential lawyers or judges.,that may or can come into existence;possible,Discuss the words meaning,You use potential(adj.)to say that someone or something is capable of developing into the particular kind of person or thing mentioned.潜在的；可能的 e.g.The firm has identified 60 potential customers at home and abroad.(该公司已在国内外找到60个潜在客户。)If you say that someone or something has potential(n.),you mean that they have the necessary abilities or qualities to become successful or useful in the future.潜力；潜质 e.g.The school strives to help each student to achieve their full potential.(学校力求帮助每一个学生充分发挥其潜力),11.preeminent:_ Dickens was preeminent among English writers of his day.He is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period.,more important,more successful or of a higher standard than other,Discuss the words meaning,adj.卓越的，杰出的，超群的 e.g.A preeminent actor can bring a fictional character to life.一个优秀的演员能把虚拟的人物演得有声有色。,12.insight:_ Shakespeare was a playwright of great insight into human nature.,the ability to see and understand the truth about people or situations,Discuss the words meaning,If you gain insight or an insight(n.)into a complex situation or problem,you gain an accurate and deep understanding of it.洞察力，洞悉；直觉，眼光；领悟e.g.The project would give scientists new insights into what is happening to the earths atmosphere.(该项目将使科学家对地球大气层的状况有更新的深入了解。)She is a woman of great insight.（她是一个有见解的女人。）,13.distinct:_ Although the twins look similar,their characters are actually quite distinct.,different in kind,separate,Discuss the words meaning,If something is distinct from something else of the same type,it is different or separate from it.有区别的;不同的e.g.Engineering and technology are disciplines distinct from one another.(工程学有别于工艺学。)If an idea,thought,or intention is distinct,it is clear and definite.确定无疑的;清楚的 e.g.Now that her father was no longer present,there was a distinct change in her attitude.（由于父亲不在场了，她的态度有了明显的转变。）,14.pervade:_ _ Her novels are pervaded by sadness and pessimism.I prefer to read some comedies.,to spread through and be noticeable in every part of something,Discuss the words meaning,If something pervades a place or thing,it is a noticeable feature throughout it.贯穿；弥漫；渗透 e.g.Science and technology have come to pervade every aspect of our lives.(科学和技术已经渗透到我们生活的每一个方面。),15.sanction:_ _ The authorities now have an effective sanction against the killing of whales.This is one of the actions of the government to protect the marine animals.,a course of action that can be used,if necessary,to make people obey a law or behave in a particular way,Discuss the words meaning,A sanction is a severe course of action which is intended to make people obey instructions,customs,or laws.处罚;制裁;惩罚 e.g.Prison is the best sanction against a crime like this.(为遏止这类罪行，监禁手段是上策。),16.universally:_ It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a large fortune must be in want of a wife.,by everyone;everywhere or in every situation,Discuss the words meaning,universal adj.普遍的；全体的 Something that is universal relates to everyone in the world or everyone in a particular group or society.e.g.The desire to look attractive is universal.爱美之心，人皆有之。,17.approach:_ _ It is no use crying over spilt milk.What we should think about is how to approach the problem.,to start dealing with a problem,task,etc.in a particular way,Discuss the words meaning,When you approach(v.)a task,problem,or situation in a particular way,you deal with it or think about it in that way.探讨；处理；对待 e.g.Employers are interested in how you approach problems.(雇主们对你如何处理问题感兴趣。)Your approach(n.)to a task,problem,or situation is the way you deal with it or think about it.方法;态度;手段 e.g.The high school adjusted its teaching approach and cancelled its departmental system.（他们高中调整了教学方法，取消了“文理分科”。）,18.assume:_ _ If you assume that something is true,you imagine that it is true,sometimes wrongly.,to think or accept that something is true but without having proof of it,Discuss the words meaning,If you assume that something is true,you imagine that it is true,sometimes wrongly.假定;以为;假设 e.g.If the package is wrapped well,we assume the contents are also wonderful.如果包装精美，我们就会认为里面装的也是好东西。,19.subscribe:_ I heartily subscribe to the states resolution and will try my best to work for it.,to agree with or support an opinion,a theory,etc.,Discuss the words meaning,If you subscribe to an opinion or belief,you are one of a number of people who have this opinion or belief.同意;赞成 e.g.Ive personally never subscribed to the view that either sex is superior to the other.我个人从来都不同意性别有优劣之分的观点。,20.infraction:_ I got a traffic ticket for crossing a red light.Motorists committing this infraction are heavily fined.,an act of breaking a rule or law,Discuss the words meaning,n.（对规则、法律等的）违背；违犯；犯规；违法e.g.An infraction is the least serious offense and generally is punishable by a fine.违反是最轻的犯罪行为,惩罚措施通常是处以罚金.,21.precedence:_ In the royal family,the elder son has precedence over the younger one in succession to the throne.,right to come before sb./sth.in time,order,rank,etc.,Discuss the words meaning,If one thing takes precedence over another,it is regarded as more important than the other thing.优先；优先权 e.g.Have as much fun as possible at college,but dont let it take precedence over work.在大学要尽情娱乐，但不要把它看得比学习还重要。,22.enforce:_ It is better not to make laws at all than poorly enforce them.,to make sure that people obey a particular law or rule,Discuss the words meaning,If people in authority enforce a law or a rule,they make sure that it is obeyed,usually by punishing people who do not obey it.强行实施，强制执行（法律、规定等）e.g.Until now,the government has only enforced the ban with regard to American ships.到目前为止，政府仅仅对美国船只实施了禁令enforcement n.The doctors want stricter enforcement of existing laws,such as those banning sales of cigarettes to children.医生们希望加大现行法律的执行力度，如禁止向孩童出售香烟。,23.flout:_ _ Meanwhile,corruption flourishes,and local officials openly flout environmental laws and regulations.,to show that you have no respect for a law,etc.by openly not obeying it,Discuss the words meaning,If you flout something such as a law,an order,or an accepted way of behaving,you deliberately do not obey it or follow it.无视，藐视，轻视(法律等)e.g.No one can flout the rules and get away with it.谁也不能违反这些规则而不被处分。,24.disregard:_ _ There were more traffic accidents in the past year because safety rules were disregarded.,to not consider something;to treat something as unimportant,Discuss the words meaning,If you disregard something,you ignore it or do not take account of it.不理会;不顾;漠视 e.g.Critics say he allowed the police and security forces to disregard human rights.批评人士说他听任警察和安全部队漠视人权。,25.alternative:_ _ You can be paid in cash weekly or by cheque monthly;those are the two alternatives.,a thing that you can choose to do or have out of two or more possibilities,Discuss the words meaning,If one thing is an alternative(n.)to another,the first can be found,used,or done instead of the second.e.g.The only alternative to being taken prisoner was to die fighting.除了当俘虏之外，惟一的选择就是奋战至死了。An alternative(adj.)plan or offer is different from the one that you already have,and can be done or used instead.e.g.They had a right to seek alternative employment.他们有权另谋高就。,26.paradoxical:_ It is paradoxical that such a rich country should have so many poor people living in it.,seemingly contradictory but nonetheless possibly true,Discuss the words meaning,If something is paradoxical,it involves two facts or qualities which seem to contradict each other.e.g.We were a team of individuals as paradoxical as that sounds.我们是一个保持了个体的团队尽管这听起来自相矛盾。paradox n.反论，悖论；自相矛盾的人或事e.g.Although Im so successful Im really rather a failure.Thats a paradox,isnt it?,27.arbitrary:_ _ The coach makes unpredictable,arbitrary decisions.His choice of players for the team seems completely arbitrary.,not seeming to be based on a reason,system or plan and sometimes seeming unfair,Discuss the words meaning,If you describe an action,rule,or decision as arbitrary,you think that it is not based on any principle,plan,or system.It often seems unfair because of this.武断的;任意的;任性的;主观的 e.g.A good judge does not make arbitrary decisions.一个优秀的法官不会作武断的判决。,28.implicate:_ _ The ministers confession implicated numerous officials in the bribery scandal.,to show or suggest that somebody is involved in something bad or criminal,Discuss the words meaning,vt.牵涉，涉及（某人）e.g.He was obliged to resign when one of his own aides was implicated in a financial scandal.当他的一位助手牵涉进一起金融丑闻时,他被迫辞职。,29.suspension:_ _ The athlete received a two-year suspension following a positive drug test.He couldnt take part in any official games in the next two years.,the act of officially removing somebody from their job,school,team,etc.for a period of time,usually as a punishment,Discuss the words meaning,n.停职;暂时除名.e.g.A four-day suspension was imposed on her.她被勒令停职4天.,30.convict:_ In 1977 he was convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.,find or declare guilty,Discuss the words meaning,If someone is convicted of a crime,they are found guilty of that crime in a law court.给定罪;宣判有罪 e.g.There was insufficient evidence to convict him.没有足够证据给他定罪。a convicted drug dealer 已定罪的毒品贩子,violated,violation,violative,violable,inviolable,hesitation,hesitative,hesitating,hesitatingly,transmission,transmitted,transmitting,academic,academically,academics,academia,mobilize,mobilized,mobility,mobilization,2.Find more words of each word family.The first one has been done for you.,Discuss the words meaning,distribution,distributional,distributive,distributor,redistribute,illustrated,illustrating,illustration,illustrative,standardize,standardized,standardization,included,including,inclusive,inclusion,selected,selecting,selection,selective,selectively,selector,secured,securely,security,insecure,insecurity,Discuss the words meani