基础职业人机工程学Ergoforformanabov.ppt
BasicOccupational Ergonomics基础职业人机工程学,Applied Industrial Ergonomics人机工程学工业应用,What is Ergonomics?什么是人体工程学,Ergonomics 人体工程学,Ergonomics is the science of improving employee performance and well-being in relation to the job tasks,equipment,andthe environment.人体工程学是研究员工表现及健康安全与工作内容、设备及环境之间的关系以改进员工表现、提高工作效率的科学。Ergonomics isa continuous improvement effort to design the workplace for what people do well,and design against what people dont do well.人体工程学是持续改进的过程，使工作环境设计更加适于人，减少并预防可能引起失误的各种因素。,Ergonomics is a Process,Not a Program人体工程学应用不是一个项目，而是一个过程,Ergonomics人体工程学,人体工程学认知度培养,发现问题,纠正问题,结果审核,Why is Ergonomics?为什么要研究人机工程学？,Ergonomics 人体工程学,Ergonomics is fitting the job to the person.人机工程学研究的是怎样让工作更适于人。,The Industrial Athlete职场竞技者,Ergonomics 人体工程学,Performance Enabling,The Industrial Athlete职场竞技者,Ergonomics人体工程学,有利于增进表现,不利于增进表现,Performance Disabling,Ergonomics as a Business Agenda人体工程学项目作为一个商业议程,There are many business reasons to support an ergonomics initiative.支持人体工程学项目的商业性原因很多，主要有如下三个：Three primary drivers are often cited:Health and safety performance为了增进健康，提高安全绩效Production enhancement增强生产能力Regulations,Business Agenda 商业议程,WMSDs are disorders of:MusclesNervesTendons/LigamentsJoints/CartilageSpinal DiscsThe disorders occur as a result of months and years of overuse of the body such that they become sore and sometimes unusable.WMSDs are not instantaneous or acute events like a fall or trip.,WMSDs 累积损伤疾病,What are Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders?什么是累积损伤疾病？,累积损伤疾病是肌肉、神经、肌腱韧带、软组织及椎间盘的紊乱失调。由于常年累月的透支导致肢体酸痛，动弹不得。,累积损伤疾病不是因为受到瞬间剧烈伤害(如磕碰)造成的。,Work-related indicates that they occur in relation to certain activities performed routinely on the job.劳损表示这类损伤往往与工作中某种经常进行的动作相关。Common terms used to refer to WMSD:Cumulative Trauma DisordersRepetitive Motion DisordersRepetitive Strain InjuriesOveruse Syndrome累积损伤疾病的常用同义词有：劳损、反复动作紊乱、重复性肌肉拉伤、操劳过度综合症,WMSDs 累积损伤疾病,What are Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders?什么是累积损伤疾病？,WMSDs 累积损伤疾病,Would You Do it This Way?你会这样做吗？,人体工程学是一种态度，是一种看待工作环境的方式！,The“Trauma Bucket”损伤水桶,WMSDs 累积损伤疾病,Trauma,HealingValve,Trauma,HealingValve,WMSD,损伤,恢复阀,损伤,恢复阀,累积损伤疾病,WMSDs 累积损伤疾病,姿势,频率,用力,How Do WMSDs Occur?累积损伤疾病是怎么产生的？,How Do WMSDs Occur?累积损伤疾病是怎么产生的？,Risk Factors 风险因素,Posture 姿势Extreme postures stress joints and occlude blood flow姿势不当导致关节受压，血流不畅Force 用力Tasks with forceful exertions place higher loads on joints and connective tissues用力操作时关节和韧带负荷加大Frequency 频率Extreme frequencies repetition and duration can contribute to fatigue debt高频重复-单调重复导致疲劳The longer the period of continuous work,the longer recovery time needed连续工作时间越长，所需恢复时间越长,Types of WMSDs累积损伤疾病的类型,WMSDs 累积损伤疾病,Basic types of WMSDs:累积损伤疾病的基本类型Tendon disorders肌腱受损Nerve disorders局部神经损伤Neurovascular disorders神经血管损伤Back disorders 背伤,Unstable Structure不稳定结构,Back Disorders背痛,WMSDs 累积损伤疾病,Leaky Discs 椎间盘连接,Unstable Structure不稳定结构,Types of WMSDs累积损伤疾病的类型,WMSDs 累积损伤疾病,Uneven Forces受力不均,Types of WMSDs累积损伤疾病的类型,WMSDs 累积损伤疾病,Tight Tolerances冗余量小,Types of WMSDs累积损伤疾病的类型,WMSDs 累积损伤疾病,神经原,椎间盘连接,不稳定结构,受力不均,低效杠杆作用,Types of WMSDs累积损伤疾病的类型,WMSDs 累积损伤疾病,One-time exertion injuries猛然用力损伤Sprain tear a ligament扭伤-韧带撕裂Strain tear a tendon扯伤-肌腱撕裂Degenerative disc diseases椎间盘退化Weakening of the disc椎间盘变薄Herniated/ruptured/bulging discs椎间盘突出、破裂或错位Tearing/cracking of the disc椎间盘撕裂,F1 X D1=F2 X D2,50 lbs.(23kg.),20 in.(50 cm),50 lbs.(23kg.),20 in.(50 cm),Biomechanics of the Back背部受力平衡式,WMSDs 累积损伤疾病,50 lbs.(23 kg.),8 in.(20 cm),32 in.(80 cm),F1 X D1=F2 X D2F1 x 20 cm=23kg X 80 cm F1=(23kg X 80 cm)/(20cm)=(1840 kg/cm)/(20cm)=(92kg),202 lbs.(92 kg.),Biomechanics of the Back背部受力平衡式,WMSDs 累积损伤疾病,Biomechanics of the Back背部受力平衡式,WMSDs 累积损伤疾病,下背杠杆平衡,Biomechanics of the Back背部受力平衡式,WMSDs 累积损伤疾病,弯腰搬运时背部的压力效应,WMSDs 累积损伤疾病,Biomechanics of the Back背部受力平衡式,重心前移的压力效应,Horizontal Location水平位置Vertical Location垂直位置Travel Distance位移Twisting扭曲度Frequency搬运频率,NIOSH MultipliersNOISE系数,NIOSH Lifting EquationNOISE搬运计算式,NIOSH MultipliersNIOSH系数,Hori水平位置,Maximum=25(64 cm)Minimum=10(25 cm),Maximum=70(178 cm)Minimum=0(0 cm),垂直位置,Maximum=70(178 cm)Minimum=10(25 cm),位移,Maximum=135Minimum=0,扭转,Prioritization of Controls改造方法的选择,风险向 量分析Risk Prioritization Matrix,High Cost,Low Cost,高影响,成本高,高影响,成本低,Our team came up with 14 ideas to improve the job.Which controls do I implement?我们小组想出了14个改造方法，应该用哪个呢？,Prioritization of Controls改造方法的选择,风险向量分析Risk Prioritization Matrix,高影响，低成本，实施迅速,低影响，低成本，风险因素减少效果小,低影响、高成本，没有改造价值,高影响、高成本，需要花费大量的时间和资源，风险因素减少效果明显,
