商务英语入门PPT第四章-市场营销.ppt
商务英语入门,-第四章 市场营销,本章要点,What is Marketing?The Marketing ConceptThe Marketing MixThe Product Life CycleUnderstanding Buyer BehaviorMarketing ResearchMarket Segmentation,What is Marketing-什么是市场营销,Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception,pricing,promotion,and distribution of goods,services and ideas to create exchanges that satisfied individual and organizational objectives.,Marketing,Deciding what products to offerSetting pricesDeveloping sales promotions and advertising campaignsMaking products readily available,What is Marketing-什么是市场营销,Production,Selling,Marketing,The Marketing Concept,The marketing concept,The Marketing Concept-市场营销观念,Focusing on customer needsbefore developing the product,Aligning all functions of the company to focus on those needs.,Realized a profit by successfully satisfying customer needs overthe long-term,Marketing Concept,The Marketing Mix-市场营销组合,Marketing,Product,Place,Price,Promotion,Product,A.A good is a physical object that can be purchased.B.A service is an action or activity done for others for a fee.C.A product is a bundle of tangible and intangible attributes including packaging,color,and brand,plus the services and even the reputation of the seller.,What is brand?,品牌究竟是什么?,确定所有权的标识,产品或服务制造者的标识,品牌价值产生,品牌附加值产生,Price,Price refers to the value or worth of a product that attracts the buyer to exchange money or something of value for the product.,Price Policy,Loss Leader Pricing,Penetration Pricing,Price Skimming,Differential Pricing,Price Policy,Loss leader Pricing,让消费者在关注折价商品的同时也关注其他未折价的商品。,Penetration Pricing,Price Skimming,Differential Pricing,使用相对较低的价格推出新产品,再根据对产品的忠诚度的增加来提价。,可以使公司获得最大利润,但是强调的是产品的认知价值。,根据顾客对商品价格的敏感度不同来综合获取利润,Place,Place/Distribution simply refers to how you will sell your products to your customers.,零级渠道:制造商-终端客户一级渠道:制造商-零售商-终端客户二级渠道:制造商-一级经销商-零售商-终端客户三级渠道:制造商-一级经销商-二级经销商-零售商-终端客户,Distribution Channel,零级渠道也叫直接渠道或直销,是厂家将其产品直接销售给终端客户。常见的形式有上门推销、邮购、电话推销、电视直销以及厂家的直营机构等。其好处在于成本较低,周转快,能及时获取市场信息且公司对产品又很强的控制能力;缺点是仓储运输费用、销售人员费用和管理费用高,网络分散,覆盖面小。,Direct supply/sale,其它三种渠道统称为间接渠道,产品要经过若干中间商才能到达终端客户。间接通道的缺点是成本高,由于周转次数较多,速度较慢,公司对渠道的控制和获取市场信息就相对困难;其优点在于仓储运输费用、销售人员费用和管理费用较低,网络密集,覆盖面广泛,相对专业性较强。,Direct to retailer,Promotion,1.Personal selling(人员销售)2.Advertising(广告)3.Sales Promotion(销售促销)4.Publicity(宣传),活动实施前的调研发现,在中国豪华轿车市场,奥迪A8的主要竞争对手是奔驰S级轿车和宝马7系列轿车。通过调研还发现,在此之前,奔驰S级轿车和宝马7系列轿车虽然在中国市场有一定的销量,但从来没有在中国国内市场实施过某一具体车型的投放市场公关活动和试驾活动.,时、空、安、静奥迪A8新产品上市案例,1、具体公关目标 利用奥迪A8轿车的优秀品质增强奥迪轿车在中国的总体品牌形象,使之成为豪华配置和领先技术的代表.创造消费需求,协助奥迪销售人员实现今年的销售指标(500辆).充分宣传奥迪A8的领先科技所带来的突出卖点,如全铝车身结构、全时四驱系统等领先技术以及这些技术优势为消费者带来的全新感受.在整个项目实施期间,敦促媒体进行广泛而持续的报道.奥迪A8主要面向公务用车,因此要加强与政府部门之间的公关联系.,时、空、安、静奥迪A8新产品上市案例,2、具体公关策划 组织新闻媒体代表参加奥迪A8轿车的试驾驶和试乘坐活动,让他们亲身体验拥有A8轿车一族所享受到的生活风格.根据奥迪A8轿车正式上市活动中所宣扬的主题设计四次演示活动,这些活动的宗旨是诠释A8轿车在“时间、空间、安全和创造宁静氛围”诸方面所具有的优势,并采取非常直观和饶有兴趣的互动方式显示A8轿车给消费者带来的独特享受.聘请奥迪的技术人员和专业试车员讲授A8轿车的各项技术和行驶特征.通过高雅的艺术表演烘托出奥迪 A8豪华至尊的地位。,时、空、安、静奥迪A8新产品上市案例,3、目标公众 政府高级官员、商界领袖、外交官、社会名流等上层社会人士,他们具有很高的社会知名度。4、主要传播信息 奥迪品牌理念的内涵人性、激情、领先、远见。奥迪A8的特性被概括为“时、空、安、静”:时间魅力奥迪A8的强劲发动机为旅途节省了大量时间;该车配备了豪华的车载一体化办公系统,使车主可以充分利用旅途时间;空间魅力奥迪A8轿车为乘员提供充裕的内部空间。内部除宽敞外,还具有极高的舒适性和最豪华的装备。因此许多国家元首和国宾车队都选用奥迪A8;安全魅力全铝空间框架结构、全时四驱系统等先进技术使奥迪A8可提供超豪华轿车所能提供的最大程度的安全性能;宁静魅力奥迪A8的优秀隔音特性营造了车内非常宁静的氛围。,时、空、安、静奥迪A8新产品上市案例,5、媒体选择 在汽车业界对公众舆论起主导作用的各家报刊和电子媒体.宣扬高档生活风格的实力派刊物和电视节目.部分面向大众的文字媒体.,时、空、安、静奥迪A8新产品上市案例,时、空、安、静奥迪A8新产品上市案例,6、具体传播手段 互动式专家讲解来自德国的奥迪技术专家以专业的知识背景向记者详细介绍了奥迪A8的各种高科技装备。紧扣主题的艺术表演采用了由感性认识产生联想,再深入到理性认识的方法。罗德公关公司特意邀请到中央音乐学院著名古琴演奏大师,为媒体记者们上了一堂别开生面的“宁静课”。以在北京的活动为例,在天下第一城古色古香的庭院中,微风轻送,李大师即兴演奏,要么让记者点题演奏。只听古音铮铮,一首清雅的古风高山流水,窗外蝉声稀疏,再浮躁的人也能立刻心灵澄净下来。而李大师身后设计独特的奥迪A8画板,则又突现出一个鲜明的影象。所听、所见、被渲染,记者们就是这样高雅地体验到了奥迪A8的宁静。,大开眼界的试车表演罗德公关公司请来奥迪德国总部的专业试车专家,也曾是欧洲赛车手的克兰特先生,在试车场地,为记者们表演了惊险试车。实时互动的网络传播为了实现广大消费者与爱车者之间的互动交流。奥迪中国开通了一个小型奥迪A8网站(记者亲身试驾奥迪A8活动在记者亲身试驾奥迪A8活动中达到高潮。,时、空、安、静奥迪A8新产品上市案例,1.媒体覆盖率(定量和定性分析)在北京上海和广州三地,总计来自93个媒体单位的126名记者参加了针对A8轿车发布会的公关活动。截止今年8月20日,本项活动所产生的直接媒体报道文章共有144篇.有关A8轿车的报道中,97.78%的文章从正面角度报道了这次活动。至少92.24%的文章在标题中提到A8轿车的名称,并有82.76%的文章至少同时刊登一张参加这次活动的A8轿车的照片。在媒体报道中,绝大多数都介绍了A8轿车的主要特征,例如:全时四轮驱动系统、ESP程序和全铝质车身结构等。,时、空、安、静奥迪A8新产品上市案例,2.对销售工作产生的直接影响 自从奥迪中国于6月开展营销活动以来,各地经销商已经售出50辆A8轿车,相当于奥迪一年指标的10%。奥迪经销商们反映,前去询问销售信息的顾客人数出现稳定增加。,时、空、安、静奥迪A8新产品上市案例,奥迪中国区总监麦凯文对该次公关活动评价说:“我们对A8轿车媒体公关活动对我们的销售业务所产生的效果感到惊喜,这种积极作用不仅表现在A8轿车,而且也表现在奥迪的所有产品线上”。,时、空、安、静奥迪A8新产品上市案例,Introduction Phase 引入期Growth Phase 成长期Maturity Phase 成熟期Decline Phase 衰退期,The Product Life Cycle,Sales&Profit Life Cycles,The Product Life Cycle,引入期,成长期,衰退期,成熟期,The Product Life Cycle,Sales will be low until customers become aware of the product and its benefits.Advertising costs are typically high in order to rapidly increase customer awareness and to target the early adopters.The firm is likely to incur additional costs associated with the initial distribution of the product.,Introduction Phase,Product:one or few product,relatively undifferentiated.Price:High,assuming a skim pricing strategy or penetration pricing strategy.Distribution:Selective and scattered.Promotion:is aimed at building brand awareness.,Introduction Phase,几乎没有竞争对手或只有一个竞争对手产品销量缓慢营销努力都是为了突出产品形式利益选择安全可靠的分销渠道对企业至关重要采用撇脂策略和市场渗透策略,Introduction Phase,Growth Phase,Sales increase as more customers become aware of the product and its benefits.Others are joining in and entering a competitive product or service.,Growth Phase,Product:New product features and packaging options,improvement of product quality.Price:Maintaining at a high level if demand is high,or reducing to capture additional customers.Distribution:becomes more intensive.Promotion:Increasing advertising to build brand preference.,Growth Phase,竞争对手数量增加销售快速增长企业把握分销渠道的任务增大产品的定价压力增大随着竞争的加剧,市场细分成为关键问题,Maturity Phase,Sales continue to increase at a slower pace.Brand awareness is strong,so advertising expenditures will be reduced.Competition may result in decreased market share or price.Sales promotion may be offered to encourage retailers to give more shelf space over competing products.,Maturity Phase,Product:Modifications are made and features are added to differentiate from competing products.Price:Price reductions in response to competition while avoiding a price war.Distribution:New distribution channels and incentives to resellers in order to avoid losing shelf space.Promotion:Emphasis on differentiation and building of brand loyalty.,销售曲线趋于平坦市场中有相当少的新购买者购买者已经很有经验,精通产品的特征和好处,产品往往通过其无形部分来获得差异化优势。市场细分已经很全面,发现未被利用的新细分市场是企业的又一挑战。,Maturity Phase,Product is losing its appeal.Sales or interest might have dropped.Remove the product from the product range.Re-invent the product by changing the packaging or product name.,Decline Phase,Decline Phase,Product:Rejuvenate surviving products to make them look new again.Price:Prices may be lowered to liquidate inventory of discontinued products.Distribution:becomes more selective.Promotion:Expenditures are lower and aimed at reinforcing the brand image for continued products.,The Consumer Buying Process,Need recognition,Search,Evaluation of alternatives,Purchase decision,After-purchase evaluation,Understanding Buyer Behavior,Understanding Buyer Behavior,Influences on Consumer Purchase Decisions,Cultural Factors,Buyer,Social Factors,ReferenceGroups,Roles&Statuses,Family,Psychological Factors,Perception,Learning,Beliefs&Attitudes,Motive,Demographic,Personal Influences,Situational,Making a purchase decision,Amount of time for the decision,Unexpected circumstances,Expectations for future employment,1、社会群体影响因素一个人的行为会受到两类群体的影响,一类是主要群体,包括家庭、朋友、邻居、同事等;另一类为次要群体,如俱乐部、专业协会及宗教组织等。对许多消费者而言,家庭是最重要的社会性团体,强烈影响到个人的价值观、态度以及购买行为。家庭成员中的决策角色往往因为购买内容的不同而有很大的差异,在购买的过程中,家人会各自扮演不同的角色。发起人就是指对购买过程提出话题作出建议的人。发起人可以是家庭中的任何一位成员。营销人员应对于丈夫、妻子和孩子在许多产品与服务的购买上所扮演的角色及其相对影响力加大关注力度。此外,能影响个人购买行为的还有次要群体。消费者可能会利用产品或品牌来参与或成为这个团体的一分子。他们会观察这些次要团体的成员的消费习惯并从中学习,而且他们会使用相同的标准来作出自己的消费者决策。,Influences on Consumer Purchase Decision,2、文化影响因素文化是影响一个人的欲望和行为的最重要的因素。文化包括价值观、规范、态度和其他意义象征的所有组合。他们共同主导了人类的行为并受到环境的影响,一代代地传承下来。只要某个价值观或信念能够符合社会的需求,就会成为文化中的一部分。可是如果它不再有什么作用,就会渐渐地消失。人类之间的相互作用创造出价值观,并为每个文化发展出各自可以接受的行为,为社会制定了次序。,Influences on Consumer Purchase Decision,3、个人影响因素个人影响因素主要包括年龄与生命阶段、职业、经济环境、生活方式和人格特性。人们购买的商品会随着年龄的增长而有所变化,同时消费态度和行为倾向也会随着当事者的成熟度、经验和地位的改变而逐步地变化。另外,一个人的经济环境如何对产品的选择也有一定的影响力。对于价格弹性较大的产品,消费者的个人收入情况将直接决定对此产品的购买情况。此外,不同性格的人有不同的心理特征,因此也就具备不同的消费心理。对于收入在中等以下的消费者,他们可能会更看重产品的功能,因此对知名品牌,高附加值的产品,就不会有太多的关注。中小品牌是他们消费的主要对象,他们在消费中更讲究产品的功能与实惠。有些消费者则注重心理价值,即更关注产品给自身带来的心理满足感。一些女性以消费名牌高档化妆品来显示自己的经济实力、消费层次和品味,在引起别人羡慕的同时,获得心理的满足。,Major Influences on Industrial Buying Behavior,BusinessBuyer,Marketing Research,Marketing research is the process of systematically gathering,analyzing and interpreting data pertaining to the companys market,customers and competitors,with the goal of improving marketing decisions.,The Research Process,Forming the research question,Choosing the best solution,The division of a market into different homogeneous groups of consumers is called market segmentation.Target marketing recognizes the diversity of customers and does not try to please all of them with the same offering.,Market Segmentation市场细分,Identifiable,Substantial,Accessible,Unique needs,Segments can be effectively reached and served.,Segments must be large or profitable enough to serve.,Durable,Size,purchasing power,profiles of segments can be measured.,Segments must respond differently to different marketing mix elements&actions.,Stable to minimize the cost of frequent changes.,Requirements of Market Segments,Geographic segmentation bases:include city,state,region and zip code as well as characteristics such as climate,terrain,and population density.,Segmentation Bases,Segmentation Bases,Demographic segmentation bases:divide a market in terms of personal characteristics such as age,income,education,occupation,sex,race,social class,marital status,or family size.,Segmentation Bases,Segmentation Bases,Psychographic segmentation bases:are a personattitudes,personality,opinions lifestyle,interest and motives.,Segmentation Bases,Segmentation Bases,Behaviouralistic segmentation:is based on actual customer behavior toward products.Variables include benefit sought,usage rate,brand loyalty,user status,readiness to buy occasions.,Segmentation Bases,Segmentation Bases,