化学专业英语-inorga.ppt

Chapter 1 Inorganic Chemistry,Significant Terms(Glossary)Nomenclature of Compounds,Periodic table,Do You Know?As,arsenic was discovered in about 1250Only 24 elements were known at the time of the American Revolution in 1776The first tabulation of the“chemically simple”substances that we call elements appeared in a treatise published in 1789 by a French scientist named Antoine Lavoisier第110号化学元素为“Darmstadtium”，缩写为“Ds”,When and who give the modern version of periodic table?,Periodic table,In 1869,the famous Russian chemist“Dmitri Mendeleev”introduced the modern periodic table,periodic table of elements（元素周期表）,period（周期）group（族）s/p/d block(s、p、d 区)main group element（主族元素）transition element（过渡元素）alkali metal（碱金属）alkaline earth metal（碱土金属）,halogen(卤素)chalcogen(硫族)rare earth(稀土)noble gas(inert gas)(惰性气体),periodic table of elements（元素周期表）,lanthanide(镧系)actinide(锕系)transition metals(过渡金属）inner transition metals（内过渡金属）,periodic table of elements（元素周期表）,metal nonmetal metalloid(准金属,半金属)The seven metalloid elements are:,Periodic table,B boron Si silicon Ge germanium As arsenic Sb antimony Te tellurium Po polonium,Nonmetals,Hydrogen(氢)Deuterium(氘)Tritium(氚)Boron(硼)Carbon(碳),源自希腊语 tritos 第三,源自希腊语 deuteros 第二,Nitrogen(氮)Oxygen(氧)Ozone(臭氧)Allotrope(同素异形体),Nonmetals,源自希腊语 ozon 嗅,Nonmetals,Nitrogen(氮)Phosphorus(磷)Arsenic(砷)Antimony(锑),Nonmetals,Oxygen(氧)Sulfur(硫)Selenium(硒)Tellurium(碲),Chalcogens,Nonmentals,Fluorine(氟)Chlorine(氯）Bromine(溴)Iodine(碘)Astatine（砹）,Halogens,Nonmentals,Helium(氦)Neon(氖)Argon(氩)Krypton(氪)Xenon(氙)Radon(氡),Noble gases,Metals,Lithium(锂)Sodium(钠)Potassium(钾)Rubidium(铷)Cesium(铯),Alkali metals,Metals,Beryllium(铍)Magnesium(镁)Calcium(钙)Strontium(锶)Barium(钡),Alkaline earth metals,Metals,Aluminum(铝)Gallium(镓)Indium(铟)Tin(锡)Lead(铅),Transition metals:,Scandium(钪)Titanium(钛)Vanadium(钒)Chromium(铬)Manganese(锰)Iron(铁)Cobalt(钴),Transition metals:,Nickle(镍)Copper(铜)Zinc(锌)Silver(银)Tungsten(钨)Platinum(铂)Gold(金),Inner-transition metals:,lanthanide(镧系)They are called rare earth elements,actinide(锕系),Significant terms related to inorganic chemistry,1.Atomic structure,Atomic Structure,electron(电子)proton(质子)neutron(中子)photon(光子),Atomic Structure,nucleus(原子核)atomic number(原子序数)mass number(质量数)relative atomic mass(相对原子量),Atomic Structure,quantum mechanics(量子力学)photoelectric effect(光电效应）wave-particle nature(波粒二象性)de Broglie equation（德布罗意方程）Schrdinger equation(薛定谔方程)Bohr Model(玻尔模型)Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle（海森堡测不准原理）,Atomic Structure,principal quantum numberangular momentum quantum numbermagnetic quantum numberspin quantum numberenergy levelsublevel degenerate(能量简并),wavefunctionprobability distributionangular wavefunctionradial wavefunctionradial probability distribution(径向几率分布)hydrogenic ions(类氢离子)atomic orbital(原子轨道),Atomic Structure,electron spin(电子自旋)paired/unpaired electronparallel spinsopposed spins(自旋反平行)ground state(基态)excited state(激发态),Atomic Structure,Atomic Structure,many-electron atom(multi-)(多电子原子)electron configuration(电子排布)The electron configuration of O and Fe atoms in their ground state are:8O 1S22S22P4 26Fe 18Ar4S23d6,Pauli Exclusion Principle（保里不相容原理）Hunds Rule（洪特规则）screening effect(屏蔽效应)penetration(钻穿效应),Atomic Structure,effective nuclear chargeatomic radiuselectronegativityionization energy(电离能),Atomic Structure,2.Chemical bond,Chemical Bond,valence electron（价电子）covalent/metallic/ionic bond（共价金属离子键）coordinate covalent bond（配位共价键）single/double/triple bondpolar/nonpolar covalent bond,Chemical Bond,bond parameter（键参数）bond length bond angle bond energy bond order lattice energy（晶格能）,3.Molecular structure,Molecular Structure,octet rule（八隅律）lone pair electron（孤对电子）shared electron pair(共用电子对)homonuclear diatomic(同核双原子的)heteronuclear diatomic(异核双原子的)molecular polarity（分子的极性)electric dipole moment（电偶极矩）,polar molecule（极性分子）nonpolar molecule（非极性分子)orbital overlap(轨道重叠)hybridization（杂化）hybrid orbital（杂化轨道）,Molecular Structure,molecular orbital（分子轨道）bonding orbital（成键轨道）antibonding orbital（反键轨道）molecular shape（分子的形状）,Molecular Structure,Molecular Structure,Basic molecular geometries of AXn molecules are as follows:linear(直线,e.g.CO2)triangular planar(平面三角,e.g.BF3)tetrahedron(正四面体,e.g.CH4)trigonal bipyramid(三角双锥,e.g.PCl5)octahedron(正八面体 e.g.PCl6-),4.Molecular interaction,intermolecular force(分子间作用力）orientation force（取向力）induction force（诱导力）dispersion force(London force)(色散力）hydrogen bond Van der Waals force（范德华力）,Molecular interactions,5.Fundamental theories,Classical Lewis TheoryValence Bond TheoryMolecular Orbital TheoryValence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory(VSEPR Theory)（价层电子对互斥理论）,Fundamental theories,6.Solution,Solution,solvent（溶剂）solute（溶质）dilute solution（稀溶液）concentrated solutionunsaturated solutionsaturated solutionsupersaturated solution,homogeneous（均相的）heterogeneous（非均相的）concentration（浓度）activity(活度)number of moles,Solution,molarity（摩尔浓度）molality（质量摩尔浓度）mole fraction（摩尔分数）molar mass（摩尔质量）,Solution,hydration（水合作用）hydrolysis（水解）haidrolisisefflorescence（风化）,eflo:resensdeliquescence（潮解）,deli kwesns,Solution,Hygroscopicity（吸湿性）solvation（溶剂化）hydrate（水合物）volatile（挥发的）,Solution,7.Acids and bases,Acids and bases,electrolyte（电解质）nonelectrolyteacid/baseamphoteric substance(两性物质),-lyte,suf.表示“可分解物”,“溶解质”,Acids and bases,arrhenius acid/base（阿仑尼乌斯酸碱）Brnsted acid/base（布朗斯特酸碱）conjugate acid/base（共轭酸碱）solvent leveling(溶剂拉平效应),com-com-+iugare to join,acidic/basic/neutral solutionpolyprotic acid（多元酸）dissociation equilibrium（离解平衡）dissociation constant（离解常数）protolysis reaction（质子传递反应）buffer solution（缓冲溶液）,Acids and bases,solubility（溶解度）precipitate（沉淀）ion product constant（离子积常数）solubility product constant（溶度积常数）formation/dissolution/transformation of precipitation（沉淀生成/溶解/转化）,Acids and bases,precipitation equilibrium（沉淀平衡）solubility product rules（溶度积规则）common ion effect（同离子效应）salt effect（盐效应）fractional precipitation（分步沉淀）,Acids and bases,8.Coordination compound,Coordination Compound,complex ion（配离子）ligand（配体）coordination number/atom（配位数/原子）monodentate/bidentate/polydentate ligand（单/双/多齿配体）,chelating agent（螯合剂）chelate（螯合物）stability constant（稳定常数）stepwise dissociation(逐级离解),Coordination Compound,valence bond model（价键模型）crystal field model（晶体场模型）crystal field splitting energy（晶体场分裂能）crystal field stability energy(晶体场稳定化能）paramagnetism（顺磁性）diamagnetism（反磁性）,Coordination Compound,geometric isomerism（几何异构）geometric isomers（几何异构体）Pt Pt,Cl,Cl,NH3,NH3,Cl,Cl,NH3,NH3,cis-顺式,trans-反式,Pt(NH3)2Cl2,顺铂，抗癌药,无抗癌活性,Coordination Compound,High/low spin complex（高/低自旋配合物）Outer/inner orbital coordinationcompound（外/内轨配合物）,Coordination Compound,9.Electrochemistry,Electrochemistry,oxidation（氧化）/reduction（还原）Redox reaction（氧化还原反应）oxidizing/reducing agent（氧化/还原剂）electrolysis（电解）electrolitic cell（电解池）,anode/cathode（阳极/阴极）electrochemical cell（原电池）electromotive force（电动势）standard electrode potential（标准电极电势）Nernst equationdisproportionation（歧化反应）,Electrochemistry,10.Nuclear chemistry,Nuclear Chemistry,nuclide(核素)isotope(同位素)nuclear decay(核衰变)radioactivity(放射性)half life(半衰期),nuclear reaction(核反应)artificial radioactivity(人工放射性)nuclear fission(核裂变)bombardment reaction(轰击反应)nuclear fusion(核聚变),Nuclear Chemistry,Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds,Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds,monatomic ions(简单离子)polyatomic ions(复杂离子)ionic compounds(离子化合物)binary compounds of nonmetals(二元非金属化合物)acid/oxyacid(酸,含氧酸)coordination compounds(配位化合物),Greek Prefixes,1 mon(o)-2 di-3 tri-4 tetr(a)-5 pent(a)-,6 hex(a)-7 hept(a)-8 oct(a)-9 non(a)-10 dec(a)-,Nomenclature of Monatomic Ions,Monatomic positive ions(cation)take the name of the metal from which they are derived.For metals which can form more than one types of positive ions,the charge is indicated by giving it as a Roman numeral in parentheses after the name.,Monatomic negative ions(anion)are named by adding the suffix ide to the name of the nonmetal from which they are derived.,Na+sodium F-fluorideK+potassium Cl-chlorideZn2+zinc Br-bromideFe2+iron(II)I-iodideFe3+iron()O2-oxideS2-sulfide O22-peroxideH-hydride O2-superoxide,Names of Some Monatomic Ions,Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds,The name of an ionic compound consists of two words:the first word gives the name of the cation(阳离子）the second gives that of the anion（阴离子）,NaClSodium chlorideLiFLithium fluorideCaSCalcium sulfideKIPotassium iodideFeCl3Iron()chlorideFeBr2Iron(II)bromide,BeOBeryllium oxideSnO2Tin(IV)oxideSeO2Selenium dioxideD2OHeavy waterGaAsGallium arsenideNaHSodium hydride,They are given special names:When a nonmetal forms two oxyanions,the suffix ate is used for the anion containing the nonmetal in the higher oxidation state and the suffix ite for the lower oxidation state.,Nomenclature of polyatomic ions,When a nonmetal forms more than two oxyanions,the prefix per-is used for the highest oxidation state and hypo-for the lowest oxidation state,Nomenclature of polyatomic ions,NH4+ammoniumH3O+hydroniumOH-hydroxideCN-cyanideCO32-carbonate,Names of Some Polyatomic Ions:,NO3-nitrateNO2-nitriteSO42-sulfateSO32-sulfitePO43-phosphate,Names of Some Polyatomic Ions:,ClO4-per chlorateClO3-chlorateClO2-chloriteClO-hypo chlorite,Names of Some Polyatomic Ions:,HCO3-hydrogen carbonate(bicarbonate)HPO42-hydrogen phosphateH2PO4-di hydrogen phosphateCrO42-chromateCr2O72-di chromate,Names of Some Polyatomic Ions:,MnSO4 Manganese(II)sulfateNi(NO3)2 Nickel(II)nitrateCr(OH)3Chromium(III)hydroxideK2Cr2O7Potassium dichromate,Sr(ClO4)2 Strontium perchlorateAg2CO3Silver carbonateLiAlH4Lithium aluminum hydride,MgSO3Magnesium sulfiteNaHSO3Sodium bisulfiteRbNO2 Rubidium nitriteHgNO2Mercury()nitrite,Co(ClO3)2 Cobalt()chlorateCu(ClO)2Copper()hypochloriteNaHCO3Sodium hydrogen carbonateor sodium bicarbonate,Na3PO4Sodium phosphateNa2HPO4Sodium hydrogen phosphateNaH2PO4Sodium dihydrogen phosphate,Na3PO3Sodium phosphiteNa3PO2Sodium hypophosphiteBa3(AsO4)2Barium arsenate,Pb(CH3CO2)4Lead(IV)acetateKMnO4Potassium permanganateZn(BrO4)2Zinc perbromate,Na2TeO4Sodium tellurateInSO4Indium sulfateNaBH4Sodium borohydride,Nomenclature of Binary Compounds,When a pair of nonmetals forms only one compound,the name of the element whose symbol appears first in the formula is written first.The second part of the name is formed by adding the suffix ide to the stem of the name of the second nonmetal.,When a pair of nonmetals forms more than one compound,the Greek prefixes are used to show the number of atoms of each element.,Nomenclature of Binary Compounds,Names of Some Binary Compounds:,HClhydrogen chlorideH2Shydrogen sulfideNF3nitrogen fluorideN2O4dinitrogen tetroxideN2O5dinitrogen pentoxide,Names of Some Binary Compounds:,As2O3diarsenic trioxide PCl3phosphorous trichloridePCl5phosphorous pentachlorideSiCsilicon carbideGeF4germanium tetrafluorideGaAsgallium arsenide,Common Names for Some Best Known Binary Compounds:,H2O water H2O2 hydrogen peroxide NH3 ammonia PH3 phosphine,Common Names for Some Best Known Binary Compounds:,NO nitric oxide N2O nitrous oxide(laughing gas)C2H2 acetylene CH4 methane,Acids,Pure SubstanceHClhydrogen chlorideHBrhydrogen bromideHIhydrogen iodide,Water Solution hydrochloric acid hydrobromic acid hydriodic acid,Nomenclature of oxyacids,The name of an oxyacid is directly related to that of the corresponding anion.The suffix-ate is replaced by ic acid-ite is replaced by ous acid,NO3-nitrate HNO3 nitric acidNO2-nitrite HNO2 nitrous acid,SO42-sulfateH2SO4 sulfuric acidSO32-sulfiteH2SO3 sulfurous acid,ClO4-perchlorateHClO4 perchloric acidClO3-chlorate HClO3 chloric acidClO2-chlorite HClO2 chlorous acidClO-hypochlorite HClO hypochlorous acid,Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds,The cation is named first,followed by the anion.Greek prefixes are used to indicate the number of ligands attached to the central atom.Where the ligand itself is complex(e.g.en),the number of such ligands is indicated by the prefixes bis-or tris-instead of bi-or tri-and the name of the ligand is enclosed in parentheses.,In naming a complex ion,the names of anionic ligands are written first,followed by those of neutral ligands,and finally that of the central metal atom.The names of anionic ligands are modified by substituting the suffix o for the usual ending.,Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds,The charge of the metal ion is indicated by a Roman numeral following the name of the metal.If the complex is an anion,the suffix ate is added,often to the Latin stem of the name of the metal.,Cl-chloro OH-hydroxo SO42-sulfato CN-cyano H2O aquo NH3 ammine,Names of Some Ligands:,Cu(H2O)42+tetraquocopper()Cr(NH3)63+hexamminechromium()Zn(OH)42-tetrahydroxozincate()Cr(en)33+tris(ethylenediamine)chromium()Cr(NH3)4Cl2NO3 dichlorotetramminechromium()nitrate K3Fe(CN)6 potassium hexacyanoferrate(),化学专业英语中一些常用的词头,ann-，enn-(词头)每年一次的L annus 年,Anniversary 周年纪念annus(year)+versus(to turn)Anno Domini公元（缩写为 A.D.)annual 一年生植物,年刊,年报,年鉴,化学专业英语中一些常用的词头,aqua(独立词)水L aqua 水,aquamarine 海蓝宝石，海蓝色aqua+marina海aquanaut 潜水员aqua+naut水手aquarium 水族馆aquarius 宝瓶座,化学专业英语中一些常用的词头,aster-，astro-(词头)星,天体,宇宙 G astron 星,disaster 灾难dis-离开+aster，注定命运的星宿离开，人就要遭不幸即“灾难”来临astrology 占星术astronaut 太空人,宇航员astronomy 天文学,化学专业英语中一些常用的词头,bacterio-(复合形)细菌G bactron，指小式 bacterion，棍棒,bacterial 细菌的bacterio-+-al的bactericide 杀菌的，杀菌剂bacterio-+-tide杀bacteriology 细菌学bacterio-+-logy学bacteriolysis 溶菌作用bacterio-+-lysis溶解,化学专业英语中一些常用的词头,baro-(复合形)重，压G baros重量,barometer 气压计baro-+-meter计baroreceptor 压力感受器baro-+receptor感受器,化学专业英语中一些常用的词头,bi-(复合形)二，二倍，双L bi-是bis的结 合形式(G=di-，dis)二，二倍，双,bicarbonate碳酸氢盐bi-+carbonate碳酸盐bimolecular二分子的bi-+molecule分子+-ar的binuclear双核的bi-+nucleus核bivalence二价bi-+“拉”valens有力,化学专业英语中一些常用的词头,bio-(复合形)生，生命G bios生命,antibiotics抗菌素anti-抗+bio-+-tic有能力biology生物学bio-+-logy学bioluminescence生物发光bio-+luminescence发光biolysis用生物分解bio-+-lysis分解biosynthesis生物合成bio-+synthesis合成,化学专业英语中一些常用的词头,bromo-(复合形)食物,溴(bromine)希”broma食物,bromatology饮食学broma-食物+-to-插”+-logy学bromide溴化物brome-溴+-ide化合物,化学专业英语中一些常用的词头,briev-，brief-(词头)短L brevis(short),abbreviate 使简短，缩写，节略 brief 简洁的，扼要的breviary 摘要，缩略,化学专业英语中一些常用的词头,calci-，calcico-(复合形)钙，石 L calx石灰，白垩,calciferous含钙的calci-+-ferous含有calcification钙化，沉钙作用calci-+“拉”facere制 作+ation名词词尾,化学专业英语中一些常用的词头,calori-(复合形)热L calor，热,calorific产生热量的calori-+“拉”facere形成calorimetry热量测定法calori-+-metry测定法caloritropism向热性calori-+-tropism向性calory(calorie)卡(热量单位)calori-+-y名词词尾,化学专业英语中一些常用的词头,cancero-(复合形)癌L cancer螃蟹，一种疮,cancerate癌性的cancero-+-ate形容词词尾canceroderm皮癌cancero-+derm皮,化学专业英语中一些常用的词头,capillaro-，capill-，capillo-(复合形)毛，毛细管，毛细血管L capillus毛发，capillaris毛的或属于毛的，毛细血管,capillaritis毛细血管炎capillaro-+-iris炎capillarity毛细作用capillaro-+-ity名词词尾capillary毛细的,毛细管capill-+-ary,化学专业英语中一些常用的词头,carbo-(复合形)炭，碳L carbo煤，炭,carbanion阴碳离子，负碳离子carbo-+anion阴离子carbide碳化，碳化物carbo-+-ide化合物词尾carbohydrate碳水化合物，糖类carbo-+hydrate水合物,化学专业英语中一些常用的词头,carbonyl 羰基(C=O)carbon+-yl 含氧的基,化学专业英语中一些常用的词头,carboxyl 羧基-COOH carbo-+(hydr)oxyl 羟基,化学专业英语中一些常用的词头,cata-(kata-)(复合形)下，降，缓，退 G kata向下的，劣等的,catabolism分解代谢cata-+“希”ballein投+-ism现象(反义词：anabolism合成代谢)catalysis催化作用希”katalysis分解cation阳离子 cata-向下+ienai(to go),化学专业英语中一些常用的词头,-cede(词尾)进行 L cedere进行,antecede先行 ante-先，前+-cedeprecede居前，置于之前 pre-先，前+-cedeproceed前进，着手，开始 pro-前+-cederetroce