中西文化与思维的差异.ppt
,Western Encyclopedia arranged by classification Animals,plants,objects are divided,sub-divided 西方的百科全书层层切分，种类归属分明。,Classification Units of Plants and Animals:kingdom,division,class,order,family,genus,species,界、门、纲、目、科、属、种,Chinese Leishu A collection of political,social and ethical data arranged circularly in an emperor-centered fashion.中国古代类书是以皇帝为中心的环式体例。,唐代艺文类聚、宋代太平御览、明代永乐大典、清代古今图书集成,Western Articles Clear division in the organization of articles title,sub-title,chapters,sections,paragraphs topic sentences 西方文章，标题、章、节、段细分明切，段中一般都有主题句，脉路清晰，一目了然。,Chinese Articles Unity,harmony,transition and correspondence are given much attention.中国文章强调起承转合，注重通篇的过渡自然及和谐一致。,The Eight-part Essay 八股文分为破题、承题、起讲、入手、起股、中股、后股、束股、落下等组成部分。在起股、中股、后股、束股4个部分，各有两股互相对应的文字，共有八股。八股也称八比，比是对偶的意思。,Western medicine,examine parts of the body through tests,X-rays,NMR,etc.西医看病，先给病人胸透、胃透、验血、验尿、核磁共振，分而检之，再作诊断。,Chinese medicine,general physical condition,pulse,complexion,tongue coating 中医看病，望、闻、问、切，注意的是全身性的综合症状。,Western cuisine strictly-followed recipe,ingredients of precise quantity 西餐厨师烹饪，各种配料严格计量，操作程序步步分清。,Chinese cuisine casual mixing of ingredients intuitive acquisition of the skill through repeated practice 中餐厨师学厨艺，并不注重定量描述，而是通过模仿，直觉地把握师傅的烹饪技术。,Western painting likeness in appearance emphasis on details:lines,shades of color,light spectrum 西方油画注重形似，通过线条、色彩、光线等细节刻意仿真。,Chinese Painting resemblance in spirit/essenceemphasis on general effect,imagination,exaggeration 中国画追求神似，运用概括、夸张的手法及丰富的联想表现物象的神韵。,Alexander the Great(356-323 BC),line of conquest(Macedonia,Greece,Palestine,Syria,Iran,India,Egypt)亚历山大大帝戎马一生，驰骋欧亚非大陆，实现线性的征服。,The First Qin Emperor(259-210 BC),circle of defense(the Great Wall,the Himalayas,the Ocean）秦始皇下令修建长城，实现环性的防御。,西方人食用苹果，也不忘线式切分，然后去核去皮食之。,Westerners eat apples by cutting them linearly into pieces.,Chinese people eat apples by peeling them circularly and preserving the round shape.,中国人食用苹果却不忘用环式削皮，保全圆形整体。,Western mode of thinking,Chinese mode of thinking,Mode of thinking 思维模式,Analytical thinking（分析性思维）Rational thinking（理性思维）,Synthetic thinking（整体性思维）Perceptive thinking（悟性思维）,渐悟、顿悟、解悟、证悟、体悟、领悟、参悟、感悟、妙悟,概念、判断、推理 演绎、抽象、概括 切分、归类、剖析,西方文化如同直线切划，细分明析，注重抽象推理，善长逻辑思维。,中国文化犹如圆环内封，综观合察，寻求直觉顿悟，善长形象思维。,两种思维模式各有所长 线性思维模式长于分析推理，推崇清晰精确，有利于理论建构；环性思维模式强于综合顿悟，讲求模糊含蓄，有助于体察真谛。,中西方日常生活的差异？,人际交往,西方：个性张扬 中国：谦虚含蓄,处理问题,西方：“不撞南墙不回头”。中国：“不可直中取，只可曲中求”。,人际关系,西方：“交相利”。中国：“多个朋友多条路”。,领 导,西方：“能者、贤者”中国：“父母官”,意 见,西方：直言、快行。中国：谨言、慎行。,排 队,西方：讲究、有序。中国：不讲究、较无序。,时间观念,西方：时间观念强 中国：相对较弱,三 餐,西方：喜欢吃冷餐 中国：喜欢吃热餐,旅 游,西方：看 中国：纪录,想象中的对方,清朝装束，喝茶水，吃米饭。“卓别林”，喝啤酒，吃火腿。,生活方式西方：注重自我价值实现，人格独立。中国：群居意识强，注重集体力量。,两种价值观各有优势 以个体主义为导向的西方线性价值观对于倡导自强自立，克服因循守旧心理，发挥个人潜力，树立个人进取精神有着积极意义。以团体主义为导向的中国环性价值观对于倡导顾全大局，克服自我中心观念，发挥群体优势，树立团队协作精神有着积极意义。,A Survey of the Values of Present-day University Students,当今中国大学生价值观调查,Four Levels of Principle,Utter devotion to others without thought of self.毫不利己，专门利人。(Extreme altruism)One for all and all for one.我为人人,人人为我。Seeking private interests subjectively and benefiting others objectively.主观为己，客观为人。Everyone pursues his own interests,or Heaven and Earth will destroy him./Each for himself and Devil take the hindmost.人不为己，天诛地灭。(Extreme egoism),行为准则四层次,Which of the 4 levels do you regard as your life tenet and principle of conduct：U O S E 毫不利己 我为人人 主观为己 人不为己 专门利人 人人为我 客观利人 天诛地灭 1997 4.4%74.2%21.4%0 2000 2.5%57.2%32.1 8.2%2002 1.2%53.3%35.4%10.1%2004 0.6%37.5%43.2%18.7%2006 0.9%40.8%36.9%11.4%,Results of the Investigation,
