中考英语复习方案-形容词、副词.ppt

中考英语复习方案语法部分,第一篇 词法四、形容词、副词,知识概要 表示人或事物的属性或特征的词叫形容词。形容词修饰名词，一般放在所修饰的名词之前；若修饰不定代词，则需后置。副词用以修饰动词、形容词和其他副词，还可修饰全句,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。英语中形容词与副词有原级、比较级、最高级之分。,形容词、副词比较级、最高级一览表,难点链接,1.形容词的用法 形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和宾语补足语。例如：Our country is a beautiful country.（作定语）The fish went bad.（作表语）We keep our classroom clean and tidy.（作宾语补足语）2)叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。（错）He is an ill man.（对）The man is ill.（错）She is an afraid girl.（对）The girl is afraid.这类词还有：well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰something,anything,nothing,everything等不定代词时,形容词要放在名词后面。例如：I have something important to tell you.Is there anything interesting in the film.,难点链接,4）大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，lively 仍为形容词。如：(错）She sang lovely.（错）He spoke to me very friendly.（对）Her singing was lovely.（对）He spoke to me in a very friendly way.有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，earlyThe Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.5）用形容词表示类别和整体a.某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungryThe poor are losing hope.b.有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.The English have wonderful sense of humor.,难点链接,6)多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色)-出处-材料性质，类别-名词。如：a small round table，a tall gray building，a dirty old brown shirt，a famous German medical school，an expensive Japanese sports car，限定词+数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体。如：those three beautiful large square新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。如：an old brown wood table,难点链接,2.副词的基本用法 副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。1）副词的位置（1）在动词之前。（2）在be动词、助动词之后。（3）有多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。注意：a.大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。如：We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.b.方式副词well，badly，hard等只放在句尾。如：He speaks English well.2）副词的排列顺序：（1）时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。（2）方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。Please write slowly and carefully.（3）多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。改错：(错)I very like English.(对)I like English very much.注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。如：I dont know him well enough.There is enough food for everyone to eat.There is food enough for everyone to eat.,难点链接,3)副词在句中可作状语,表语和定语。He studies very hard.（作状语）Life here is full of joy.（作定语）When will you be back?（作表语）副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类：（1)时间副词时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间。常见的时间副词有：now today,tomorrow,yesterday,before,late,early,never,seldom,sometimes,often,usually,always等。例如：He often comes to school late.What are we going to do tomorrow?He is never been to Beijing.（2)地点副词地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点。常见的地点副词有：here,there,inside,outside,home,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere,down,up,off,on,in,out等。例如：I met an old friend of mine on my way home.He went upstairs.Put down your name here.,（3)方式副词方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的？”这类问题的，其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成的,有少数方式副词不带词尾-ly,它们与形容词同形。常见的方式副词有：badly,bravely,carefully,proudly,suddenly,successfully,angrily,happily,slowly,warmly,well,fast,slow,quick,hard,alone,high,straight,wide等。例如：The old man walked home slowly.Please listen to the teacher carefully.The birds are flying high.He runs very fast.（4)程度副词程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词，有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语。常见的程度副词有：much,(a)little,a bit,very,so,too,enough,quite,rather,greatly,completely,nearly,almost,deeply,hardly,partly等。例如：Her pronunciation is very good.She sings quite well.I can hardly agree with you.（5)疑问副词疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词。常见的疑问副词有：how,when,where,why等。例如：How are you getting along with your studies?Where were you yesterday?Why did you do that?,难点链接,难点链接,4)部分常用副词的用法(1)very,much这两个副词都可表示“很”，但用法不同。very用来修饰形容词和副词的原级，而much用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级。例如：She is a very nice girl.Im feeling much better now.much可以修饰动词，而very则不能。例如：I dont like the idea much.They did not talk much.(2)too,either这两个副词都表示“也”，但too用于肯定句，either用于否定句。例如：She can dance,and I can dance,too.I havent read the book and my brother hasnt either.3)already,yetalready一般用于语肯定句，yet一般用于否定句。例如：He has already left.Have you heard from him yet?He hasnt answered yet.4)so,neither（nor)so和neither都可用于倒装句，但so表示肯定，neither(nor)表示否定。例如：My brother likes football and so do I.My brother doesnt like dancing and neither do I.,难点链接,3.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法(1)两个人或事物的比较时（不一定每一方只有一个人或一个事物），用比较级。Our teacher is taller than we are.The boys in her class are taller than the boys in your class.(2)most 同形容词连用而不用 the,表示 极,很,非常,十分。Its most dangerous to be here.在这儿太危险。(3)The+形容词比较级.,the+形容词比较级.表示 越.就越.。The more you study,the more you know.(4)形容词比较级+and+形容词比较级,表示 越来越.。Its getting hotter and hotter.(5)主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句。表示两者对比相同。This box is as big as mine.(6)the+形容词 表示某种人。He always helps the poor.(7)形容词和副词最高级用于三个或三个以上的人和物进行比较。Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.,（8）as+形容词或副词原级+as的用法 A.在否定句或疑问句中可用so as。He cannot run so/as fast as you.B.当as as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。as+形容词+a+单数名词+as，as+many/much+名词+as.如：This is as good an example as the other is.I can carry as much paper as you can.C.用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。This room is twice as big as that one.Your room is the same size as mine.D.倍数+as+adj.+as倍数+the+名词+ofThis bridge is three times as long as that one.This bridge is three times the length of that one.Your room is twice as large as mine.Your room is twice the size of mine.E.为了避免重复，当比较连词前后的主语说的是同一类事物时，后面的主语要用代词that或those代替。如：They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.The population of Indian is not so large as that of China.,难点链接,(9)可修饰比较级的词有：a bit,a little,rather,much,far,by far,many,a lot,lots,any,still,even等，还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。以上词(除by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。能修饰最高级的有：the very,much the,far等。典型例题:1）-Are you feeling _?-Yes，Im fine now.A.any wellB.any betterC.quite good D.quite better答案：B.any 可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better.2）The experiment was_ easier than we had expected.A.more B.much more C.muchD.more much答案：C.much可修饰比较级，因此B，C都说得通，但easier本身已是比较级，不需more，因此C为正确答案。3）If there were no examinations,we should have _ at school.A.the happiest timeB.a more happier timeC.much happiest time D.a much happier time 答案：D。（10）几个特殊形容词many,old 和 far的用法。A.如果后接名词时，much more+不可数名词,many more+可数名词复数B.old 有两种比较级和最高级形式:older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。如：My elder brother is an engineer.Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.C.far 有两种比较级，farther，further.在英语中两者都可指距离。在美语中，father 表示距离，further表示进一步。如：I have nothing further to say.,难点链接,4.注意：1）要避免重复使用比较级。(错)He is more cleverer than his brother.(对)He is more clever than his brother.(对)He is clever than his brother.2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。(错)China is larger that any country in Asia.(对)China is larger than any other countries in Asia.3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.4）要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有冠词。比较：Which is larger,Canada or Australia?Which is the larger country,Canada or Australia?She is taller than her two sisters.She is the taller of the two sisters.5）大多数形容词变为副词都是直接加-ly,但以下词的变化要注意：true-truly terrible-terribly full-fully possible-possibly shy-shyly whole-wholly,难点链接,正误辨析,1.误 The young likes playing football very much.正 The young like playing football very much.析 定冠词加形容词表示一类人，应作复数看待。而定冠词加形容词表示抽象事物时则要看作单数，如：The beautiful is not always kindness.美丽并不总代表善良。2.误 The danger has gone,so the worst are over.正 The danger has gone,so the worst is over.析 意为：危险已经过去，最困难的状况已结束。用定冠词加最高级形容词作主语时应看作单数形式。3.误 It is the gold age of the young.正 It is the golden age of the young.析 golden在英语中多用于比喻，如：golden hair金发，gulden voice金嗓子。而gold多用于表达金质的，如：a gold bar金条，a gold coin金币，但gold fish 金鱼例外。4.误 She is a warm heart woman.正 She is a warmhearted woman.析 英语形容词的构词法很多，其中之一是由形容词，或数词，加名词加ed构成，如：warmhearted 热心肠的，whitehaired 白毛的,正误辨析,5.误 There is an alive fish in the pool.正 There is a living fish in the pool.析 在初中范围内所学到的以a字母开头的形容词一般不能作定语，只能作表语。如：The fish is alive.(鱼还活着)这样的形容词有：alive,alike,alone,asleep,afraid,awake等。6.误 The ill man nearly died.正 The sick man nearly died.析 ill一般不作定语来形容某人有病，而要用sick，但作表语时则都可以。如：He is ill sick,ill作定语时则另有他意，如：ill luck(厄运)，ill nature(天性恶劣),ill temper(心绪不好)7.误 I have important something to tell you.正 I have something important to tell you.析 不定代词something,anyone,somebody在用形容词修饰时，形容词应放其后。但要注意thing则不是不定代词，不符合上述规律。如：I have an important thing to tell you.8.误 Ill be free on next Sunday.正 Ill be free next Sunday.析 在表达将来时的时候：next Sunday,next week,next year或last Sunday last week,last year前都不加介词。,正误辨析,9.误 The girl is twoyear old.正 The girl is two years old.正 She is a twoyearold girl 析 由连字符连接若干名词、数词组成的形容词，在学习时要记住两点，其一是这些词中的名词都不要用复数形式，如：twothousandword report(两千字的报告)；其二是这样构成的形容词只能作定语，即用于名词之前，而不能作表语。10.误 The foreigners like those little beautiful Chinese paintings.正 The foreigners like those beautiful little Chinese paintings.析 在名词前若有几个形容词作修饰语时，其顺序如下。1.指示代词，定冠词 2.数量词 3.性质词 4.大小5.形状 6.老少，新旧 7.颜色 8.材料.但要注意的是英语的习惯是一个名词前的形容词一般不要多于三个。如：What a pretty little white horse!Those first few short English stories were not difficult to understand.11.误 The best way to learn English good is to speak with Englishman every day.正 The best way to learn English well is to speak with Englishman every day.析 good是形容词，这里是修饰动词speak的，所以应用副词well，但well作形容词讲时只作身体好。如：He is well.(他身体很好)。He is good.(他是个好人)。,正误辨析,12.误 The children play on the grass happyly.正 The children play on the grass happily 析 多音节y结尾的形容词变为副词时应将y变为i再加ly.13.误 The teacher looked angry at the students.正 The teacher looked angrily at the students.析 英语中感观动词后面要接形容词，这时它是修饰主语的，如：The food smells good.食物闻起来很香。The teacher looked angry 老师看起来很生气。而此句的意思为：老师生气地看着学生，所以应用副词形式。14.误 He got on with me friendly.正 He was friendly to me.析 不是所有结尾是ly的词都是副词，但friendly是形容词，这样的词还有lovely,lonely,costly,livelymonthly weekly。但其中有些词既是副词，又是形容词，如：early,hourly,monthly15.误 You can speak free in front of your friends.正 You can speak freely in front of your friends.析 free作为形容词意为自由的，有空闲的，免费的。作为副词讲则是免费之意。而freely作为副词则是自由的，随便的。这些要注意的词还有：hard 努力，艰苦 hardly 几乎不 late 迟，晚lately 最近的，最新的 near 近 nearly 几乎like 像 likely 几乎,正误辨析,16.误 They must have arrived till now.正 They must have arrived by now.析 by now是用于表达到目前为止某一动作已经发生，所以应用瞬间动词。而till now是强调某一动作一直持续到现在，所以一定要用持续性动词。must have+过去分词是对过去某一事情所作的肯定推测。17.误 Someone called you right now.正 Someone called you just now.析 just now有两个意思，其一是刚才，其二是现在，而right now只能用于现在的状态。just则用于完成时态，如：I have just finished my homework.18.误 My father will be back from America at present.正 My father will be back from America presently.析 presently有两个意思：其一是最近，不久，其二在美语中是现在之意，与at present相同。而for the present为暂时，如：I teach English in the school for the present.19.误 Ill be back at the moment.正 Ill be back in a moment.析 at the moment 其意为现在，当时，而in a moment意为马上过一会，与in a minute意思相近。20.误 The train from Shanghai will arrive here in time.正 The train from Shanghai will arrive here on time.析 on time为准时，而in time有两个含意。其一是及时，如：The doctor arrived in time。其二是将来，终究。,正误辨析,21.误 I met an old friend sometimes last month.正 I met an old friend sometime last month.析 Sometime 过去，或者将来某时。Sometimes 有时如：Sometimes I go to school by bus.Some time 一些时间 如：I need sometime to do my homework.Some times 几次 如：I went to Shanghai sometimes this month.at times 有时，偶尔at all times 经常some other time 改天 22.误 I had met an old friend three days ago.正 I had met an old friend three days before.正 I met an old friend three days ago.析 ago 用在时间状语中时，主句中谓语动词一般用过去时，而before用于时间状语时则主句的谓语动词宜用完成时态。23.误 He studied very hard.and at the end he passed the exam.正 He studied very hard,and in the end he passed the exam.析 in the endat last 意为最终，终于，表达经过若干努力而达到的结果。而at the end是在某事的结束时如何如何，如：At the end of class,the teacher gave us some story books。,正误辨析,24.误 I will come here to help you each three days.正 I will come here to help you every three days.析 every three days 为每三天，即每隔二天，而every other day为每隔一天。25.误 He didnt go to the cinema yesterday.and I didnt go,too.正 He didnt go to the cinema yesterday and I didnt go either.析 英语中表示也，有4个字，also,as well,too,either，但either用于否定句中，而前3个用于肯定句中。在肯定句中too与as well一般要用在句尾，而also则可用于句中。如：She went to the party and her boy friend went there too.又如：Ive also read her other novels.26.误 We should help the poor girl in anyway.正 We should help the poor girl in any way.析 anyway为不管怎么讲，无论如何，如：What a terrible accident,anyway no one was hurt.any way 为任何方式。这种常见的错误还发生在以下几组词中，如：everyday 日常的 every day 每天faraway 遥远的 far away 远离altogether 总计 all together 一块，大家一起already 已经 all ready 全准备好了27.误 You can come to the doctors at anytime.正 You can come to the doctors at any time.析 anytime 是副词 而any time中的time是名词。,正误辨析,26.误 She said nearly nothing.正 She said almost nothing.析 nearly 与 almost的含意相近，在很多场合可以互换，但在否定词前用almost。27.误 There are too much mistakes in your homework.正 There are too many mistakes in your homework.析 too much 后接不可数名词，如：There is too much water for the flowers.而too many 后加可数名词，much too 后面加形容词，如：It is much too difficult to learn English well.28.误 It is late enough that we can go home now.正 It is late enough for us to go home now.析 要注意的是enough后面一般不接从句而接不定式，或不定式的复合结构：for somebody to do something。29.误 The twins are very alike.正 The twins are much alike.析 用a为首字母的形容词不能用very修饰，一般要用much来修饰。30.误-How long does he write to his parents?-Once a week.正-How often does he write to his parents?-Once a week.析 英文与中文表达法不同，隔多长时间办一次某事，实际上问的是该事发生的频率，所以要用how often。,正误辨析,31.误 As soon as I arrive in New York,Ill call up you.正 As soon as I arrive in New York,Ill call you up.析 当动词词组的宾语是人称代词时则一定要放于动词之后，如果是名词则可以放在词组其后。如：I want to watch TV.Please turn on the TV.也可以讲：Please turn the TV on.32.误 He drove quickly his new car.正 He drove his new car quickly.析 副词在句中的位置很活，但主要有以下几种用法：实意动词之前，如：He quickly give me the answer.在be动词之后，如：The little boy is often late for class.第一助动词之后，如：This book has almost been finished.在单独使用的be动词和助动词之前，如：Can you help me this afternoon?I certainly can.但是无论如何也不能将副词置于动词与宾语之间，如果是宾语从句或是很长的名词词组作宾语则才可以这样用：He heard clearly what the teacher said.33.误 The children came late yesterday to the cinema.正 The children came late to the cinema yesterday.析 表示一定长度的时间的副词不应放于句中，可放于句尾。如果表示强调则可放于句首。,正误辨析,34.误 You have few new books,havent you?正 you have few new books,have you?析 英语中的数量形容词有两组。修饰可数名词的有few(很少，几乎没有)，a few(有一些，几个)；修饰不可数名词的有little(很少，几乎没有)，a little(有一点，有一些)。要注意的是当few和little用于句中时应看作否定句，而 a few 和a little 用于句中时则应看作是肯定句。35.误 He spent quite little money on his food.正 He spent quite a little money on his food.析 quite a 为一固定用法，其意为十分，相当，所以。quite a fewmany,quite a littlemuch 而only a littlelittle,only a few=few.36.误 Do you want to have many bread?正 Do you want to have some bread?析 some与any都可以用作形容词、副词或代词，在一般情况下，some用于肯定句，any用于疑问句和否定句，但在希望得到肯定答复时，应用some。其次是some 可以用来修饰可数名词和不可数名词。37.误 Please tell me where the shoes shop is?正 Please tell me where the shoe shop is.析 在用名词作修饰词来修饰另一名词时，这个作修饰词的名词应用单数形式，如：a shoe shop 鞋店 a fruit shop 水果店 a book shop 书店a post office 邮局 a police station 警察局 a bus stop 汽车站,正误辨析,38.误 He is weak at physics.正 He is weak in physics.析 在表达擅长于作某事时用be good at something,而其反意词为be bad at something，但be weak in something。39.误 This dictionary is worth to buy.正 This dictionary is worth buying.析 be worth 后可接动、名词表达值得作某事，又可接价格、金钱表示值多少钱。40.误 Dont afraid of that.正 Dont be afraid of that.析 afraid 在英文中是形容词而不是动词。这样的词