阅读理解新题型解题技巧.ppt

阅读理解（新题型）,解题技巧讲座,Skimming&Scanning,略读和寻读,题 型,是非判断题(Y/N/NG)句子填空（完成句子）,解题技巧（略读）,一.略读(Skimming)1.概念：又称“跳读”(reading and skipping)或“浏览”(glancing)。要求以尽可能快的阅读速度，迅速获取文章大意或中心思想。即要求读者有选择地进行阅读，可跳过某些细节，以抓住文章的大概，从而加快阅读速度。目的：快速把握整体和大局。窥几斑而知全豹。,2.略读的技巧要利用印刷细节，如标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等进行预测略读(preview skimming)，了解作者的思路和行文模式，以便把握大意、有关细节及其相互关系。以一般速度(200-250wpm),阅读文章的开头两段，力求抓住文章大意、背景情况、文章风格、口吻、语气等。阅读段落的主题句和结论句。注意转折词和序列词。However,moreover,in addition;firstly,secondly 等。,解题技巧（寻读）,二.寻读(Scanning)1.概念：又称“查读”，是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一特定信息(如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等等)，而对其它无关部分则略去不读的快速阅读方法。目的：快速寻找特定信息。要什么找什么。,2.寻读的技巧：利用材料的编排形式。例如:A.按字母顺序排列，如：词典、索引、邮编、电话簿B.按日期和时间排列，如：电视节目。C.按年代排列，如：历史资料。D.按类别排列，如：体育比赛。利用章节标题和说明。抓住与某具体信息相关的提示词(signal words)。e.g.population,census,inhabitants,problem,reason,explanation 等等。,解题要点：,要尊重原文，依据原文，不可凭借自己的知识主观臆断。(如：判断N或NG题)要依据原文适当推断，勿做自行推断或过度推断。题目中若出现must,only,all以及always,答案一般都不是Y。此时，答案可能是N或NG，一般情况是N。要抓住答案的规律。Y与N的比例相当，NG比例最少(一般只有1或2个)。一般不会连续出现3个同样答案。相信自己的第一感觉，勿轻易改答案。,解题步骤：,第一步：定位。找出题目在原文中的出处。1.仔细阅读各小标题，归纳出文章的主旨或主题。【Example】Landfills(考纲样题)How Much Trash Is Generated?What Is Trash Disposed of?What Is a Landfill?Building the LandfillWhat Happens to Trash in a Landfill?How Is a Landfill Operated?【题目】1.The passage gives a general description of the structure and use of a landfill.【解题】归纳6个小标题为the structure of a landfill,末段为the use of a landfill,故可以初步判定该题目与主旨吻合。,2.找出题目中的关键词，最好先定位到原文中的一个段落。具体做法：将题目中的关键词与原文各段落的小标题或每段话的第一句相对照。有些题目能先定位到原文中的一个段落。如此可以大大减少做题时间，提高准确率。Example Americans generateWhat happens to this trash?Some gets recycled or recovered and some is burned,but the majority is buried in landfills.How is trash disposed of?about 27 percent of the trash is recycled or composted,16 percent is buried and 57 percent is buried in landfills.题目 2.most of the trash that Americans generate ends up in landfills.解题 根据谓语动词ends up可将答案定位于标题How is Trash disposed of?所在的段落。,3.快读段落，另找关键词确定答案所在句。题目 2.most of the trash that Americans generate ends up in landfills.解题 题目的关键词为most及ends up,landfills 为线索词。故判定答案为Y。小窍门 考试题中若出现most,majority,measure,fee,size,cost,speed等与数字有关的名词，可直接与原文中的某一具体数字联系在一起。4.细读答案句，筛选出正确答案。5.注意顺序性。题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。,第二步：判断。根据下列原则和规律，确定正确答案。一.判断题(Yes/No/Not Given)1.Y(for Yes)型题的判断原则。1)题目是原文的同义表达法，通常用同义词或同义结构。【Example】原文 In most parts of the world,there are regulations that govern where a landfill can be placed and how it can operate 题目 5.In most countries the selection of a landfill site is governed by rules and regulations.,判断题,2)题目是根据原文中的几句话作出推断或归纳。此类题目需要考生简单推断，但勿自行推理或过度推理。【Example】原文 Compare our admission inclusive fare and see how much you save.Cheapest is not the best.If you compare our bargain Daybreak fares,beware most of our competitors do not offer an all inclusive fare.题目 5.Daybreak fares are expensive than most of their competitors.解题 文章虽然没有直接提到 fares的费用比绝大多数的竞争对手都昂贵，但依据原文可推断出 Daybreak和绝大多数的竞争对手相比，收费更高，但服务项目更全，与题目意思一致，故判定为Y。,判断题,判断题,2.N(for No)型题的判断原则。1)题目与原文直接相反。通常用反义词、not 加同义词及反义结构。【Example】原文 A landfill is not like a compost pile(混和肥料堆),where the purpose is to bury trash in such a way that it will decompose(分解)quickly.题目 4.Landfills are like compost piles in that they speed up decomposition of the buried trash.解题 原文中说A landfill is not like a compost pile，但题目中却说Land fills are like compost piles。二者完全相反，故判定为N。,2)原文用bothand,and,or,also等词列举两个或多个情形(通常为两个)并存，而题目却用must或only等词说成是其中一种情况。反之亦然。这种以偏概全或添油加醋的现象可判定为N。【Example】原文 In the United States,taking care of trash and building landfills are local government responsibilities 题目 4.In the United States the building of landfills is the job of both federal and local government.解题 原文中说taking care of trash and building landfills 只是local government的责任，但题目中却说是both federal and local government的工作。添油加醋，故判定为N。,判断题,3)题目是原文中的比较级的误用或与原文中表示比较概念的词语相混淆。【Example】原文 The United States ranks somewhere in the middle of the major countries(United Kingdom,Canada,)in landfill disposal.The United Kingdom ranks highest,burying about 90 percent of its solid waste in landfills.题目 3.Compared with other major industrialized countries,America buries a much higher percentage of its solid waste in landfills.解题 原文中提到The United Kingdom ranks highest,burying solid waste in landfills.但题目中却说是America buries a much higher percentage of its solid waste in landfills,与原文矛盾。故判定为N。注意：much higher in the middle of.,判断题,4)原文和题目使用了表示不同范围、频率、可能性的词。原文中用many,sometimes及unlikely等词。而题目中常用all,usually,always及impossible等词。【Example】原文 Without a qualification from a reputable school or university,it is unlikely to find a job.题目 It is impossible to get a good job without a qualification from a respected institution.解题 原文中unlikely强调的是“不太可能”，但题目中却说是impossible(完全不可能)，语气过于绝对。故判定为N。提示：unlikely impossible.,判断题,5)原文中包含由if,unless,if not 等引导的条件状语，而题目中则少掉条件成分。这种断章取义的情况可判定为N。【Example1】原文 The Internet is a hazardous tool if it is not properly used.题目 The Internet is dangerous.【Example 2】原文 The corruption cannot be well wiped out unless an efficient mechanism is set up to deal with it.题目 The corruption can never be eradicated.,判断题,3.NG(for Not Given)型题的判断原则。1)题目中的关键内容在原文中没有提及或找不到依据【Example】原文 In addition,there is a household hazardous waste drop-off station for chemicals(paints,pesticides)that are banned from the landfill Some paints can be recycled and some organic chemicals can be burned in furnaces or power plants 题目 7.Hazardous wastes have to be treated before being dumped into landfills.解题 原文中虽然提到家庭制造的危险垃圾，但始终没有提到危险垃圾倒进垃圾填埋场之前该如何处理。故判定为NG。,判断题,2)题目中涉及的范围小于原文涉及的范围，即更加具体。【Example1】原文 Tourists in South Africa come mainly from Europe.题目 Tourists in South Africa come mainly from England.4)题目中有比较级，而原文中则没有。【Example1】原文 In Sydney,a vast array of ethnic and local restaurants can be found to suit all palates and pockets.题目 There is now a greater variety of restaurants to choose from in Sydney than in the past.,判断题,4)原文是某人的目标、目的、想法、愿望、保证、发誓等，而题目则说成是事实。【事实vs.观点】【Example1】原文 His aim was to bring together,once every four years,athletes from all countries on the friendly fields of amateur sport.题目 Only amateur athletes are allowed to compete in the modern Olympics.#,判断题,二.补全句子题型的解题原则1.题目中的“形名”结构由原文中的“动副”结构转换而来，即：原文中的“动状结构”转换成题目中的“定中（心词）结构”。这是这一考试类型的典型特征。【Example】原文 A landfill,such as the North Wake County Landfill,must be open and available everyday.Customers are typically municipalities and construction companies,although residents may also use the landfill.题目 8.Typical customers of the landfill are_.解题 Customers are typical Typical customers are.答案 municipalities and construction companies.,补全句子,2.题目中的句子结构与原文中的决子结构没有明显的区别，答案的确定可根据题目中的某个关键词。【Example】原文 As customers enter the site,their trucks are weighed at the scale house.Customers are charged tipping fees for using the site.The tipping fees vary from$10 to$40 per ton.题目 9.To dispose of a ton of trash in a landfill,customers have to pay a tipping fee of _.解题 关键词：fee,cost,speed,size.答案$10 to$40。#,补全句子,Reading In Depth,仔细阅读理解之篇章词汇题理解题,解题技巧,一.跳读全文，抓住文章的中心思想。二.阅读词库的选项，对词性进行分类。三.瞻前顾后，灵活选择。四.复读全文，谨慎调整。,解题步骤,一.判定要填入的词的词性时，要注意空格前后的内容，至少是一个单词，这样可以大大缩小选择的范围。此外，判定词性时可以重点分析动词的时态，即哪几个是一般时，哪几个时过去时，哪几个是过去分词。注意：此类考题不要求考生改写选项，所以，根据上下文时态对应原则，可缩小选择范围。,二.如果选项中出现一组反义词时，往往又一个是干扰选项，它注重考查的是对文章框架的理解，要求考生理解整篇文章的语境色彩，如积极与消极，肯定与否定，褒义与贬义等。Example:Soon after she came to the university,she was losing interest in her study.Therefore,study was becoming her _.备选项：breakthrough,blessing,nightmare.,三.要有总体观，不必按顺序做题。原则：先做有把握的词，以便缩小范围，最后重点围剿悬而未决的空格。,