贸实务期末复习ppt.ppt

International SettlementFinal Revision,College Of International Business Shenyang Normal University,By SR,Date:June 2011,范围,包括教材第16章内容，包括国际保理与福费廷的含义，主要以信用证为重点,平时：50%1.Class Participation/Presentation:10%2.Mid-semester exam:20%3.Homework:20%期末：Final Examination 50%切记要理解知识而非记背答案！,Chapter One,国际结算导论,1.11国际结算的含义国际结算（International settlement）是指国际间由于政治、经济、文化、外交、军事等方面的交往或联系而发生的以货币表示的债权债务的清偿行为或资金转移行为。,美洲,欧洲,非洲,亚洲,大洋洲,1.12 Types of IS,International settlements originate from transactions in the world trade.And it can be divided into the following two types:,The establishment of a correspondent banking relationship,1.Test keys,2.Authorized/Specimen signatures,3.Schedule of terms and conditions,3.Control Documents,Correspondents,3、双方银行确认控制文件。为了使代理业务真实、准确、快捷、保密，代理行之间要相互发送控制文件（Control Documents），并在确定无误后，遵照执行。此类控制文件有：,Correspondents,密押（Test Key）。它是银行之间事先约定的，在发送电报时，由发电行在电文中加注密码，以证实电报的真实性。印鉴（签字）样本(Specimen Signature or Booklet of Authorized Signatures)。印鉴是银行有权签字人的签字式样。银行之间的信函、凭证、票据等，经有权签字人签字后，寄至收件银行，由收件银行将单证上的签名与所留印鉴核对，核对相符即证明此函件的真实性。,Correspondents,费率表（Schedule of Terms and Conditions）。是银行在办理代理业务时收费的标准。费率表应定得适当、合理，过高会削弱竞争力，过低则影响经济效益。,Chapter 2 Negotiable Instruments of International Settlements,Section 1 Overview of Negotiable InstrumentsSection 2 Bill of ExchangeSection 3 Promissory Notes and Checks Section 4 Acts of Negotiable Instruments,What is negotiable instruments?,Board meaning of Document,CommercialDocument,FinancialDocument,Narrow meaning of Document,represents the title of goods,Refer to negotiable instrument made for the purpose of making or collecting payments,Bill of ExchangePromissory NoteCheck,Document of Title,evidence that gives rise to a legal right of possession or control of commodities or money.,Characteristics,设权性(right to be paid)要式性(requisite in form)无因性(non-causative nature)流通性（negotiability）可追索性（Recoursement）,Example:汇票绝对必要记载项目Absolutely necessary items：,1)“汇票”字样；2）无条件支付命令；3)一定金额；4）付款人/受票人；5）收款人/抬头人；6）出票日期；7）出票人签字,要式性(requisite in form),Bill of Exchange Definition:,英国1882年票据法：A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing addressed by one person to another,signed by the person giving it,requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to or to the order of a specified person,or to bearer.,(1)(3)(6)ACCEPTED Exchange for GBP 600.00 Shanghai,5th,April,2002 12/04,2002(2)(5)Payable at At 60 days after sight pay to B CO.Or orderMidland Bank.(3)London the sum of six hundred pounds For(4)Bank of Europe,To Bank of Europe,London(7)signature London For A Company,Shanghai(7)signature,汇 票,汇票格式及必要项目,NO.(汇票号码)Exchange for（小写金额）Export-City,Export Country,（出票地点、出票日期)At（汇票期限）sight of this FIRST of Exchange(Second of exchange being unpaid)Pay to the order of（收款人）the sum of（大写金额）Drawn under(开证行名称)L/C No（信用证号码）dated（信用证开证日期）value received（数量、包装、品名）To（受票人）（出票人名称与签字）,（1）按日计算应遵循的准则：算尾不算头。即起算日不包括在内，而最后一天则是付款到期日。,注意！关于汇票付款到期日计算,例：出票后30天付款的汇票于3月31日出票，则起算日即出票日不计入，应从4月1日计算，到期日为4月30日。,同理，见票后定期汇票中的见票日、特定事件后定期汇票的事件发生日不应计入。,（2）节假日顺延。通过上述计算确定之到期日，若恰逢节假日等银行正常的非营业日，则顺延至其后的第一个营业日。,（4）先算整月，后算半月，半月以15天计。,（3）月为日历月。以月计算的不考虑每月的具体天数，一律以相应月份中的同一日期为到期日，若无同一日期，则为该月最后一天。,例：l月31日承兑的见票后一个月付款，应于2月28日（若闰年则为29日）到期。,例：8月31日交单的汇票规定交单后一个半月付款，则先算整月至9月30日，再算半月15天于10月15日到期。,Acts on an instrument,1)Issue（出票）2)Endorsement（背书）3)Presentation（提示）4)Acceptance（承兑）5)Payment（付款）6)Dishonor（拒付或退票）7)Recourse（追索)8)Notice of Dishonor(拒付通知)9)Protest(拒绝证书)10)Acceptance for Sbs Honor(参加承兑)11)Payment for Sbs Honor and Payor for Bbs Honor(参加付款和参加付款人)12)Guarantee(保证),Methods of payment(1),Chapter 3 Remittance,College Of International Business Shenyang Normal University,1.1 Modes of payments:1.by remittance:i)by T/T ii)by M/T iii)by D/D2.by collection:i)by D/P at sight ii)by D/P after sight iii)by D/A3.by L/C4.others:factoring,Forfeiting,L/G,etc.哪些属于商业信用？银行信用？,1.3 Definition of Remittance,A bank,at the request of its customer,transfers funds to its overseas branch or correspondent bank,instructing them to pay to a named person or company.,汇款人(进口商),收款人(出口商),汇出行（进口方银行）,汇入行（出口方银行）,Parties in the international bank remittance,Remitter=payer=buyer=importer,Remitting bank=remitters bank in buying country,Beneficiary=seller=exporter=payee,Paying bank=beneficiarys bank in exporting country,Relationships？,2.1 Types of Remittance,Based on the means of transferring funds,a remittance usually falls into one of the three types:1.Telegraphic Transfer,T/T(电汇)-(T/T,SWIFT,etc.),fast and expensive2.Mail Transfer,M/T(信汇)-slow and cheap 3.Remittance by Bankers Demand Draft,D/D（票汇）-slow and easy to be negotiated,Remittance by telegraphic transfer(T/T),Remittance by cable/telex/SWIFT is called telegraphic transfer(T/T).The remitting bank,at the request of the remitter,transfers funds by means of cable/telex/SWIFT message to the paying bank,asking the latter to pay a certain sum of money to the beneficiary.,电汇、信汇、票汇的比较,Chapter 4Collection,Methods of payment(2),What is a collection?,Means an arrangement thereby the seller draws a draft on the buyer and authorizes its bank to collect the money by the buyer.出口商于货物装运后，开具以进口商为付款人的汇票，连同有关单据委托当地银行向进口商收取货款的方式。,Documents,Financial documentsBills of exchanges,promissory notes,cheques,or other similar instruments used for obtaining the payment of moneyCommercial documentsInvoices,transport documents,or any other documents whatever,not being financial documents,Types of collection,Clean CollectionDocumentary Collection1.Documents against Payment,D/P（1）D/P at sight(2)D/P after sight2.Documents against Acceptance,D/A,To exporter，the risk is as following：D/AD/P after sight D/P at sight,2.2 Documentary collection 跟单托收,Refers to the process by which the exporter submits draft accompanied by shipping documents to his bank for collecting proceeds from the importer跟单托收是指附有商业单据的托收。卖方开具托收汇票，连同商业单据（主要指货物装运单据）一起委托给托收行。Caution:跟单托收也包括不使用汇票的情况。实质要件：代表货权的运输单据。,Basic forms of documentary collections,Trust receipt 信托收据,Documents against Payment by trust receipt(付款交单凭信托收据借贷）(D/P by T/R)银行对进口商的融通允许进口商在付款前开立信托收据（T/R）交给代收行，凭以借出货运单据先行提货，以便出售，待售得货款后偿还代收行，换回信托收据。是D/P的变通。,付款交单,即期（D/P at sight）,远期（D/P after XX DAYS sight）,信托收据（Trust Receipt，T/R)？,进口商开立保函，凭以借出运输单据，以便提货出售，取得货款再偿还代收银行，换回信托收据。由出口商指示，后果由其负责；变成D/PT/R(付款交单凭信托收据借单)即出口人授权银行，凭T/R借单给进口人。若代收行主动，后果由其负责,Case1：T/R,我国某轻工进出口A公司与新西兰某B公司达成一项出口矿产品的合同，付款条件为D/P 60天付款。当汇票及所附单据通过托收行抵进口地代收行后，B公司及时在汇票上履行了承兑手续。货抵新西兰某目的港后，由于用货心切，B公司出具信托收据向代收行借得单据，先行提货转售。汇票到期时，B公司由于经营不善，丧失偿付能力。代收行以汇票付款人拒付为由通知托收行，并建议由我A公司直接向B公司索取货款。对此，你认为A公司应如何处理？为什么？,案例评析,本案例是有关在托收项下银行对进口商的资金融通问题。在案件中，代收行允许进口商在付款前开立信托收据，凭以借出货运单据先行提货以便出售。这完全是代收行给予进口商的资金融通，一切后果应有代收行负责，与出口商没有任何关系。,从跟单托收看，付款交单风险较小。因为付款交单条件下，只要进口商未付款，物权凭证仍掌握在代收行手中，仍属于出口商所有。但是，这并不等于没有风险损失。如果进口商不来付款赎单，则出口商仍要负担以下诸多损失：出口商的卖方贷款利息（如果有）；双程运输费用（如果将货物运回本国处理）；在进口国港口存仓、保险、支付代理人的费用（如果货物寻求当地处理）以及货物临时处理而带来的价格损失、银行费用等等。,托收中存在的风险,3.2 托收风险的防范,1、了解进口国有关政策规定。这些政策与托收业务关系交密切的主要是进口国家的银行（代收行）是否做远期付款交单业务以及如何处理这类业务的；进口国海关方面在进口手续、港口管理等方面的有关规定；进口国外汇管制方面的有关规定。2、对进口商的调查，包括进口商的资信情况、经营规模等等。,D/P案例,【案情】我某公司向日本商人以D/P即期付款方式推销某商品，对方答复，如我方接受D/P after 90 days付款，并通过他指定的A银行代收则可接受。,【问题】,日本商人为什么提出此要求？,【分析】,日本商人提出将D/P即期改为90天远期，很显然旨在推迟付款时间，以利于其资金周转。同时日商指定A银行为该批托收业务的代收行，则是为了方便向该行借单，以便早日获得经济利益，进而达到利用我方资金的目的。,Case,我公司分别出口三批货物，三个合同各规定以（1）D/P即期；（2）D/P30天；（3）D/A30天托收方式付款。设寄单邮程为7天，托收日为8月1日，若不计算银行合理工作时间，这三笔业务的提示日、承兑日、付款日、交单日分别为哪天？,Methods of payment(3),CHAPTER 5,Letter of Credit(L/C)信用证,College Of International Business Shenyang Normal University,Letter of Credit,2.Procedures of a L/C,3.Parties to a L/C,4.Types of a L/C,5.Settlement of L/C,1.Definition,Characteristics and Contents of a L/C,International customs,Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits,UCP 600 跟单信用证统一惯例International standby practices,ISP 98 国际备用信用证惯例International standard Banking Practice，ISBP 国际标准银行实务,Def in UCP 600,Credit means any arrangement,however named or described,that is irrevocable and thereby constitutes a definite undertaking of the issuing bank to honour a complying presentation.信用证意指一项约定，无论其如何命名或描述，该约定不可撤销并因此构成开证行对于相符交单予以承付的确定承诺。,1.A written promise on the part of the issuing bank.2.Independent of the sales contract3.Exclusively dealing with documents,1.2 Characteristics of a letter of credit,（一）开证行负有第一性付款责任（银行信用代替商业信用）,UCP600规定：信用证的意义就本惯例而言系指一家银行应客户的要求或以自身名义，在与信用证条款相符的条件下，凭规定的单据：向第三者（“受益人”）或其指定人付款，或承兑并支付受益人出具的汇票，或授权另一家银行付款，或承兑并支付该汇票，或授权另一家银行议付。,如果申请人倒闭，开证行是否要付款？,（二）独立自足的文件,信用证与合同的关系，“信用证按其性质与凭以开立的信用证的销售合同或其他合同，均属不同的业务。”,问题：合同和信用证不符，按合同办还是信用证办？,（三）是一种单据交易（单证一致；单单一致）,规定了单据与货物/服务/履约行为的关系，“在信用证业务中，有关各方所处理的是单据，而不是与单据有关的货物/服务/履约行为”,业务题,上海纺织品进出口公司日前出口美国 Trade Co.（add：Room15，the 10th floor Great Building,Revenue Street,N.Y.，USA）一批货物，金额为8 040.00美元。假定上海纺织品进出口公司于2005年10月5日签发以其指定人（BANK OF CHINASHANGHAI.BR.,）为收款人、见票日后60天付款的远期汇票，试完成下列行为：（1）如合同约定委托中国银行上海分行办理托收（FOR COLLECTION CONTRACT NO.:SH/CO/00/10/05）,请代替上海纺织品进出口公司出具该远期汇票。（2）指定付款人于2005年10月12日承兑该汇票，试完成汇票的普通承兑行为。（3）计算汇票的付款到期日（每月按30天计算）。（4）又假定上海进出口公司作为受益人，和美国ABC Trade Co.约定信用证结算，进口方开证行为纽约花旗银行，指定的通知行也为议付行是浦东发展银行上海分行，请画出该信用证结算的流程图,注意：,计算到期日时一定要认真审题，看清题目是否有类似于（每月按30天计算）的字样。关于信用证的流程图，各流程描述可以简写，如下：,信用证的业务程序,出口商,轮船公司,进口方银行（开证行）,出口方银行（通知行）,进口商,买卖合同,开证申请书,开立信用证,通知,装船取得提单,交单,垫付,寄发汇票、单据,偿付,付款,赎单,交单提货,3.Parties concerned in an L/C,开证申请人(Applicant for L/C)开证行(Issuing Bank)受益人(Beneficiary)通知行(Advising Bank)议付行(Negotiating Bank)保兑行(Confirming Bank)付款行(Paying Bank)偿付行(Reimbursing Bank),Types of L/C,1.Clean and documentary credit 光票信用证和跟单信用证2.Revocable and irrevocable documentary credit 可撤销信用证和不可撤销跟单信用证3.Confirmed and unconfirmed documentary credit 保兑信用证和未保兑信用证 4.Sight/Deferred payment/Acceptance credit 即期付款信用证/延期付款信用证/承兑信用证,Types of L/C,5.Transferable and non-transferable documentary credit 可转让信用证和不可转让信用证 6.Back-to-back documentary credit 背对背信用证7.Reciprocal credit 对开信用证8.Revolving documentary credit 循环信用证9.Anticipatory credit 预支信用证,Irrevocable credit,A credit is irrevocable even if there is no indication to that effect.信用证是不可撤销的，即使信用证中对此未作指示也是如此。UCP 600 article 3,5.按受益人对L/C的权利是否可转让可转让L/C（Transferable Credit）注：信用证的转让不等于买卖合同的转让。不可转让L/C（Non-Transferable Credit）只有L/C明确注明“可转让”时才可转让，否则视为不可转让L/C。,可转让信用证说明：,可转让信用证适用于中间贸易，或用于其子公司分散在各地的跨国公司签订的贸易合同应注意分批装运条款，除非该证是全部转让，否则一般允许分批装运只有被明确注明“可转让”(Transferable)字样的信用证才可以被转让。有权要求转让的是信用证的受益人。且通常要求指定受让人只能转让一次。转让的金额可以是部分的，也可以是全部的。转让的对象可以是一个或几个。,办理转让的银行是信用证指定的转让行。第一受益人必须通过转让行办理信用证转让业务，不能由第一受益人自行转让信用证给第二受益人。除少数条款，信用证只能按照原证规定的条款转让。,其他特定用途的信用证,1、循环L/C（Revolving L/C）种类：按时间循环L/C和按金额循环L/C适用于分批均匀交货 2、对开L/C（Reciprocal L/C）多用于易货贸易、来料加工或补偿贸易业务。3、对背L/C（Back to Back L/C）或转开L/C该证的开立通常是中间商转售他人货物，或两国不能直接办理进出口贸易时，通过第三者以此种方法来沟通贸易。,4、预支L/C（Anticipatory L/C）预支方式(包括向开证行预支和向议付行预支）红条款L/C（Red Clause L/C）绿条款L/C（Green Clause L/C）注：开证行要求受益人必须将预支货款下的货物，以开证行的名义存放在出口国海关仓库，受益人凭“栈单”和以后补交单据的声明书，预支部分货款。,信用证的作用,1、对出口商的作用保证出口商凭单取得货款使出口商得到外汇保证可以取得资金融通 2、对进口商的作用保证取得代表货物的单据保证按时、按质、按量收到货物可以取得资金融通 3、对银行的作用增加收入,L/C中三个重要期限之间的关系：,L/C的有效期：一般L/C的有效期至规定的装运期后第15天；未规定有效期的信用证无效。L/C的装运期：一般应明确规定装运期；若只有有效期而无装运期，可理解为二者为同一天，即“双到期”。L/C的交单期：根据UCP600的规定，银行拒绝接受迟于运输单据21天提交的单据，但无论如何，交单期不得晚于L/C的有效期。,Case,A公司与B公司签订了一份国际货物买卖合同，由A公司向B公司销售一批货物，双方在合同中规定信用证付款。合同订立后，B公司依约开来信用证。该信用证规定，货物最迟装运期至9月30日，提单是受益人A公司应向银行提交的单据之一，信用证的到期日为10月15日，信用证未规定交单期。A公司于9月12日将货物装船并取得提单。10月5日A公司向银行交单议付。问：银行是否予以议付？为什么？,L/C Questions(1)Whose obligation is to arrange for a credit to be opened or issued in favor of the exporter(2)Referred to somebody who can benefit from the credit by its sassurance ofpayment to him and this payment term is usually incorporated in the sales con-tract at the request of the exporter(3)The bank that issued the documentary credit on behalf of the applicant(4)The bank that has the task of informing the beneficiary that credit hasbeen issued in his favor so that the beneficiary may make necessary preparationfor shipping the goods and drafting the documents stipulated in the credit(5)The bank that is authorized to pay the beneficiary or accept or negotiate his bills of exchange(drafts)，against his presentation of proper documents(6)The bank that buys an exporters drafts submitted to it under a documentary credit(7)The bank that is requested to add its own commitment(make payment to the beneficiary)to the documentary credit(8)The bank that，at the request of the issuing bank，is to authorized to pay，or accept and pay time drafts under the credit.Aapplicant;Bbeneficiary;Cissuing bank；Dadvising bank;Econfirming bank；F.paying bank；G.reimbursing bankHnegotiating bank,Types of L/C,1、循环L/C（Revolving L/C）2、对开L/C（Reciprocal L/C）3、对背L/C（Back to Back L/C）或转开L/C4、可转让L/C（Transferable Credit）注：信用证的转让不等于买卖合同的转让。5、不可转让L/C（Non-Transferable Credit）只有L/C明确注明“可转让”时才可转让，否则视为不可转让L/C。6、红条款L/C（Red Clause L/C）?,练习,1.在分批交货的大宗交易中，为节省开证费用常使用（）2.一般由中间商为中介达成的交易，在结算时一般使用（）3.来料加工和补偿贸易中常常使用的信用证是（）,CHAPTER 6Bankers Letter of Guarantee(L/G)andStandby Letter of Credit(SL/C)银行保函和备用信用证,Letter of Guarantee,L/G,In the international trade and financial transaction,Buyer,Seller,Banker,Definition:,A bank guarantee is a written promise issued by a bank at the request of its customer,Buyer,or,Seller,Banker,Buyer,Seller,or,undertaking to make payment to the beneficiary within the limits of astated sum of money in the event of default by principal.,1.What is a letter of guarantee?,Is an irrevocable undertaking by which the issuer holds itself financially liable for the consequences of non-performance of the obligations by a third party towards the beneficiary.银行保函，指银行应申请人或委托人的要求向受益人开出的书面付款保证承诺。保证在申请人未履行某项义务或受益人在已经履行了合同义务后支付一定款项给受益人。,2.银行保函的当事人,Applicant or Principal 申请人或委托人Beneficiary 受益人Guarantor Bank担保行Advising Bank or Transmitting Bank 通知行或转递行Reissuing Bank 转开行Counter Guarantor Bank 反担保行Confirming Bank 保兑行,Types of L/G,（一）出口类保函,1.投标保函（tender guarantee)2.履约保函(performance guarantee)3.预付款保函(Advanced payment guarantee)4.质量/维修保函(quality/maintenance guarantee)5.关税保付保函(customs guarantee)6.账户透支保函(overdraft guarantee),Types of L/G,（二）进口类保函（三）其他类,付款保函(payment guarantee)补偿贸易保函(guarantee for compensation)来料加工/来件装配保函(guarantee for assembly and processing)租赁保函(lease guarantee),借款保函(loan guarantee)保释金保函(bail guarantee),Exercise,1.投标保函的申请人是（）A.招标国政府 B.招标人 C.投标人 2.独立性保函中，担保行的责任是第（）性的。3.不属于进口类保函的是（）A.付款保函 B.租赁保函C.延期付款保函 D.质量保函,保理（FACTORING),卖方采用信用方式销售货物或提供服务时，将产生的应收账款转让给保理商，由保理商为卖方提供贸易融资、销售分户账管理、应收账款催收及信用风险控制与坏帐担保等服务。,福费廷是出口商向进口商提供货物或服务后，包买商（forfaiter)从出口商那里无追索权地购买已经承兑的，并通常由进口商所在地银行担保的远期汇票或本票，以此提供融资服务。Forfaiting means the discounting of international trade receivables such as Promissory Notes and Bills of Exchange on a Without Recourse basis,in exchange for cash.核心内容是“放弃追索权”（Surrender of the right of recourse），意味着风险和权利的完全转移。,什么是福费廷（WHAT)：,补充：教材课后题,第二章P69 一、1、2、三、第五章P186 二、三、五 1、3、（其中第1题思考当信用证支付方式失败时，如何解决？）及汇款托收章节课堂练习试卷上的案例（特殊商业习惯）,结课留言,感谢一起经历的两门课学时，和共同见证的世界：海啸地震、核辐射、瘦肉精、抢食盐、膨大剂、塑化剂、旱涝灾害。尽管这世界和人生有时让我们觉得沮丧，但其中却有一件东西永远是好的，那便是-你们正拥有的青春。再过几年，你们会发现，大学四年，曾以为无处安放的青春，那是最好的岁月。生命中都做了什么并不重要，重要的是你去做了。所以，请务必把握当下，让梦想照进现实。,And most importantly,you must have faith in yourself.,Determine that a thing can,and shall be done.,and then.we shall find the way.,END,