语态差异与翻译中的语态转换.ppt

Homework,1、David Ogilvy,founder of the advertising firm Ogilvy&Mather,made this point clear to his newly appointed office heads by sending each a Russian nesting doll with five progressively smaller figures inside.奥美广告公司的创始人大卫 奥格威给新任命的部门负责人 每人赠送了一套5个装的俄罗斯套娃，套娃里面的五个娃娃 一个比一个小，以此向他们阐明了这一点。2、例如，中国最大的汽车配件生产商万象集团起家时只是通 用汽车的合作伙伴，向通用汽车供应地方生产的汽车配 件，这样就可以使通用汽车符合政府的要求，即在中国市 场出售的汽车必须融入一定的地方内容。For example,Wanxiang Group,Chinas largest producer of automobile parts,was initially a partner of General Motors.It supplied GM with locally produced automobile parts to help GM to meet the local governments requirement that automobiles sold on the Chinese market must incorporate certain local content.,3、中国现已被全世界公认为全球经济发展最快的国家，并在不久的将来成为世界经济大国，所以这么多国家和地区来参加这个重要的洽谈会，而且成交情况一年比一年好，这绝非偶然。China has been recognized as the country with the globally fastest growing economy/economic development and will become a world economic power in the near future.Therefore,it is no coincidence that so many countries and regions have come to participate in this important talk and closed more and more deals with China year by year.,作业参考答案,1、There wont be any profit unless those kids enable you to make all the deliveries on time.2、Otto Wagner,the most successful architect in the-turn of the-century Vienna,gained lasting importance as an organizer of large-scale projects.3、Time magazine of June 17,1996 devoted a good deal of its issue to discussing people who are the most influential in the country in their opinion.1、除非孩子们帮你及时把货送出去，否则你甭想赚到钱。2、奥托.瓦格纳是世纪之交维也纳最伟大的建筑师。作为大型 建筑项目的设计师，他将青史留名。3、1996年6月17日的时代杂志花了大量版面讨论美国人 心目中国内最有影响的人物。,4、中国足协副主席谢先生和美国耐克公司北京 代表处首席代表王先生等一同出席了活动。5、展望未来，本公司将坚定多元化经营战略格局，在产 业规模化、经营国际化、管理现代化、队伍职业化的 目标指引下，努力成为一家综合性国际金融投资企业.4、Present at the event were Mr.Xie,Vice Chairman of Chinas Football Association and Mr.Wang,chief representative of Nike Sports,Co.Ltd,at the Beijing Office.5、Looking ahead,we will continue to pursue our strategy of diversified operation and strive to become a comprehensive international investment company with scale business,internationalized operation modernized management and a professionalized team,英汉语态差异与翻译中的语态转换,一、英汉语态差异以及根源二、英语的被动语态转译为汉语的主动语态三、汉语的主动语态转译为英语的被动语态,英汉语态差异根源,根源：英语的客观视角 Objective Perspective 汉语的主观视角 Subjective perspective(视角）西方传统思维以自然为认知对象，明确区分主体与客体，内心世界与外部世界，强调思维的客观性。中国传统思维把主体作为宇宙的中心，把自然人性化或人自然化，讲究“天人合一”。因此中国的传统思维带有浓厚的主体意向，使主体融入客体。,英汉差异,物做主语的句子非常多，在描述主体与客体关系时往往从客体着手；形式主语句、there be 句型和被动句相对较多。汉语：往往以人作为句子的出发点，描述客观事物时往往从人的视角入手。被动句相对较少。汉语：少被动句英语：多被动句，形式主语句，there be 句型,英语被动语态：作用以及使用场合,作用：客观、翔实、公正、正式，避免主 观臆断、啰嗦冗长的感觉。使用场合：1强调动作承受者，而动作发出者并不重要2、不需要说出施事者，或施事者隐含其中3、不愿说出施事者、甚至为了表达某种微妙的感情 4、为了上下文的连贯,例：At the tea party only tea and cake were served.茶会上只供应茶和点心。例：The happy man cannot be harried.吉人自有天相。例：The murderer was caught yesterday,and it is said that he will be hanged.凶手已于昨日被捕，据说他将被绞死。例：Some things have been said tonight that ought not to have been said.今晚有人说了不该说的话。例：Energy is needed for the reaction and it is supplied by the light of the sun.这种反应需要能量，该能量由太阳光提供。,翻译中的语态转换 英译汉：1）将英语的被动句转换成汉语的被动句。即保留原来的语序。译为带被动标记或不带被动标记的被动 句。2）译成系表结构的判断句 3）英语被动句译成汉语的主动句。即将原文中主语变成宾语，而将动作的发出者变成主语。4）添加表泛指的主语“我们”，、“有人”、“大家”5）译成汉语无主句或话题评述句 汉语的被动句大体可以分为两类：1）不带表示被动标记。2）带有表示被动标记。被、被”、“由”、“给”、“把”、“让”、“受”、“遭”、“所”、“获”、“使”、“加 以”、“予以”、“蒙,例：Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long,thin strings,called“fibers”,and these fibers can be made into cloth.某些塑料可以压入机器分割成细长条，称为纤维，这种纤维可以织成布。例：The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated.他青年时期形成的自卑感从未完全消除。（不带被动标记）Eg：And as each and all of them were warmed without by the sun,so each had a private little sun for her soul to bask in-她们大家，不仅个个身上都给太阳晒得暖烘烘的，而且人人心里都有一个小太阳，温暖着各自的心灵-（带被动标记“给”）,1、英语被动句翻译成汉语不带或者带被动标记的被动句,例：Of the total 131 rooms,71 will be completely refurnished,enlarged and merged.例：Also the entire F&B area with the lounge and the half board restautant will be rectructured and refurnished.131间客房中的71间将重新装修、扩建与合并。除此之外，整个F&B区域（含休息室）以及半膳餐馆也将进行改建和重新装修。以上句子都译成了不带被动标记的被动句，但原文的主谓顺序没有改变。若译成为带“被”的汉语句子，就会显得拗口，不太符合汉语的语感。,2、将英语被动句译成汉语带系表结构的判断句 保留原来的语序，但译成汉语后变为“是的”这种系表结构。例：The bridge is named after an engineer 这座桥是以一名工程师的名字命名的。例：Poets are born,but orators are made.诗人是天生的，演说家是后天造就的。,例：What measures have been or are being adopted by the local government to reduce aie pollution?当地政府已经采取或正在采取何种措施以减少空气污染？例：For basic education,over two-thirds was contributed by Canada,Japan,the Netherlands,the United Kingdom and the United States.就基础教育而言，加拿大、日本、荷兰、英国和美国捐助了三分之二以上。（就基础教育而言，三分之二以上是由加拿大、日本、荷兰、英国和美国捐助。）,3、将英语的被动变主动：将原句主、宾语位置互换,例：He has been pursued,day by day,and year by year,by a most phenomenal and astonishing luckiness.一天天，一年年，幸运总是伴随着他，令人惊讶不已。（一天天，一年年，他始终吉星高照，令人惊讶不已。）,4、“泛指主语+动词”的结构原句中没有具体的施事者，但根据上下文可以推断其施事者是泛指的人。英译汉时可以用“人们”、“有人”、“大家”或“我们”等泛指主语作主语。,例：It would be astonishing if that loss were not keenly felt.如果没人觉察到损失就太奇怪了。例：Although little is known about how hypnosis works,it has been made use of in medical treatment.虽然人们对催眠术知之甚少，但该技术已用于临床治疗。例：Her plans for a movie career are believed to have all been merely a pipe dream.有人认为她当电影明星的计划不过是黄粱美梦。,5、译成无主句或话题评述句译为无主句：英语被动句翻译成无主句适用于表建议、命令、请求、要求的句子。译为话题评述句：一般适用于有时间或地点状语修饰全句的句子。将时间或地点放在前面作话题。,例：The problem of population control has to be recognized and approached in a world environmental context.必须联系世界环境去认识和解决人口的控制问题。例：Studies over time are required to test the extent to which recommendations should have been accepted,put into practice and had an impact.需要长时间的研究来检验建议在何种程度得以接受、实施并发挥影响。以上例句出现了情态动词或表示要求的动词，根据原文语气，汉译成无主句，从而在保证原文内容和风格的同时保证了汉译文的通顺。,特殊被动句型“It is+过去分词+that从句”的译法,1、译成无主句汉译时，句子中可以加上“据”字，整个句子以“据说”、“据报道”、“据推测”等开头；如果原句中有情态动词，就不能加“据”，而是根据情态动词的意思译成“可以”或“必须”等。例如：,例It is reported that in France,the population has decreased because most women dont like to have a baby for some reason or other.据报道，大多数法国妇女因为种种原因不愿意生育，从而导致法国人口减少。例：It is rumored that the accident was due to negligence.It should be said that the situation is basically sound.据谣传，那场事故缘于玩忽职守。应该说，情况基本正常。,2、添加泛指主语：大家，人们，我们，有人例：It is well known that most matter has three states.大家知道（众所周知），多数物质有三态。例：It is commonly believed that acid solutions do not affect gold,but that is not true.It is sometimes thought that the characteristic Mexican mural style sprang fully from Riveras head,and that it is essentially a Mexican invention,derived from pre-Columbia forms.人们普遍认为，酸性溶液对黄金不起作用，但这并非事实。有人认为，独特的墨西哥壁画风格完全出自里维拉的头脑。起源于哥伦布发现美洲大陆之前的各种艺术形式，从本质上说是墨西哥人的发明创作，。,三、汉语的主动语态转译为英语的被动语态,鉴于英汉两种语言在语态上的差别，英译汉时要根据汉语的语态特点，通过不同的方式，把被动语态转化为汉语的主动语态，而汉译英时，就要根据英语的语态特点和行文需要，很多情况下把汉语的主动语态转译为英语的被动语态。,例：困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。The difficulties have been overcome,the work has been done and the problem solved.例：军备竞赛必须禁止。例：文章总算写完了。Arms race must be prohibited.The article has finally been finished.,（一）形式主动、意义被动的句子,（二）“是+动词+的”的判断句如果汉语句子中“是”后面接的是动词，而且句子表达的是科学的或客观的现象，原文也没有表明动作的发出者，这样的句子一般译成英语的被动语态。,例：知识分子的问题就是在这样的基础上提出来的。The question of the intellectuals has been raised on such a basis.例：任何国家的主权都是不容侵犯的。The sovereignty of no country should be violated.例：语言是在实践的过程中逐渐形成的。例：地基是石头砌成的，墙壁则是砖头垒的。Languages are gradually formed in practice.The foundation is made of stones and the wall of bricks.,（三）汉语的部分无主句汉语中的一些关于科学技术或法律的或不愿说出动作发出者的无主句可以通过英译成被动语态来表达同样的语用功能。例：不控制连锁反应，就会引起一场大爆炸。If the chain reaction is not controlled,a big explosion will be caused.例：通过特殊设计装置使发动机更有效地燃烧燃料，可以降低发动机一氧化碳的排放量。The amount of carbon monoxide that an engine gives off can be reduced by special devices designed to make the engine burn fuel more efficiently.,例：可以认为有机化学这门科经历了三个主要阶段。The organic chemistry may be considered as having passed through three main phrases.例：对违法者要严惩不贷。Those who break the law will be definitely punished.英文的被动语态传达出原文客观公正的语气。,（四）一些带泛指主语的句子汉语句子中如果有一些表示通称或泛指的主语，如“有人”、“大家”、“人们”等，而且句子表达的是一种真实的或客观的情况，可以译成英语的被动语态。例：大家把他围住了，提出一个又一个的问题。He was surrounded and asked questions one after another/a lot of questions.例：大家都知道，电子是极为微小的负电荷。Electrons are known to be minute negative charges of electricity.It is known that,例：有人指责他玩忽职守。He was accused of negligence.例：人们普遍认为教育在很大程度上影响一个人的命运。Education is commonly believed to have great influence on ones destiny.It is commonly believed that,（五）汉语中一些特殊的无主句结构汉语中以“据说”、“据报道”、“据谣传”、“必须指出”等开头的句子，一般英译成“It is+过去分词+that从句”的形式。例：据说，这项计划最终会取消。It is said that the plan will finally be cancelled.例：据报道，2005年上半年中国的经济增长率保持在9.5%。例：据谣传，他与这事有关。It is reported that in the first half of 2005,China maintained an economic growth rate of 9.5%.It is rumored that he is involved in this accident.,（六）表示通知、邀请、请求或动员的句子汉语有些表示通知、邀请、请求或动员的句子，有时省略主语，有时使用“请”、“敬请”等，还有的结构比较完整，但语气比较正式。为了表示语气的委婉和正式，一般可以将用作书面语的这些汉语句子译成英语的被动语态，以获得语气上的对等和相同的语用效果。例：今天邀请大家来开座谈会，主要是听听各位对这项计划的意见。You have been invited to this forum today to exchange your ideas about this plan.,例：全体同学必须在本周五之前把所借图书归还图书馆。All the students are required to return to the library all the books borrowed from it before Friday this week.例：来宾请出示入场券。Visitors are requested to show their tickets.Tickets are requested for the entrance.例：请本大厦各租户协助我们的工作。敬请告知汇款的详细地址。Cooperation from all tenants would be appreciated.Your information as to your detailed address for remittance would be appreciated.,Homework,1、She told me that her master had dismissed her.No reason had been assigned;no objection had been made to her conduct.She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress.Master:男主人 mistress：女主人2、He was guided in his everyday life by an unshakable conviction that moral values are absolute.3、Governments of low-income countries must be persuaded to give greater priority to education in their discussions with donors,and to allocate to it a greater share of the savings from debt relief.debt relief:债务减免 donors：捐助国,4、I felt uneasy for the whole day as I was aroused from deep sleep by the ringing of the telephone early in the morning.5、If there is any confusion or misunderstanding in the application,the patent might not be granted or the inventor might not be fully protected.6、Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky.,