英语词汇学第五章词的语用意义 幻灯片.ppt
班级:语言三班 讲课:李回秀小组成员:罗姿 陈芳,.词的语用意义,一、语言意义和语用意义,英语词汇可以表示语言意义和语用意义,它们的关系是:传递出语言意义(Linguistic meaning)词 可能产生语用意义(Pragmatic meaning),1、语用意义的定义-语言运用者在一定的语用目的的支配下,在语言运用过程中,以语境或上下文为参照而赋予一个词的临时意义。2、语用意义产生的必要条件语境使用语言进行交际离不开一定的客观条件和背景,语言活动总是在特定的时间、空间、情景和人之间进行的。,a.Take your hand off the picture.b.He is a green hand.c.Please hand me a pen.d.The students all handed in their homework.通过对上述句子中hand的分析,可以发现:a句所指的是具体的“手”,B句所指的是一个缺乏做事经验的“人”,C句所指的是“用手传递”的动作,D句所指的是学生“递交作业”的动作。,二、语用意义的特点1、原词附属性(Etymological subsidiarity)2、主观体验性(Subjective experientiality)3、词义不确定性(Meaning uncertainty)4、概念临时性(Conceptual temporality)5、语境共生性(Contextual interdependency),The basic features of pragmatic meaning:,1)原词附属性 adhesive(忠实原意):依托词义 Each word must be adhesive to its primary meaning.Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil.mother的原义是“母亲”,而在本句中的语用意义 是“源泉”,但它又与本义“母亲”有着密不可分的语义关系。.,依托词形 Sometimes make use of the spelling of the primary meaning最常见的是以英文字母来寓意,即以英文字母的形状指示某些物品的外形,如:H-beam(工字梁)O-ring(o形环)T-shirt u-steel(槽钢)V-belt(三角皮带)X-brace(交叉支撑)A-shaped(形容下半身比较肥胖的体型),依托词音 Sometimes make use of pronunciation of the primary meaning A:why are parliamentary reports called“blue books”?B:because they are never red.为什么议会报告称为“蓝皮书”?因为它们从来不是红的。由于red和read(过去分词)谐音,本句实际上说“从来没有人读它们”,一语双关。,2)主观体验性 Personal experienced:In most cases,the use of a certain word will recall a lot of speakers association.南瓜pumpkin中国人尤其是老一辈的人,看到“南瓜”可能会想起苦日子,南瓜与艰难的岁月联系在一起。而美国人会想到Thanksgiving Day、Halloween,南瓜与幸福生活紧密相连。,3)词义不确定(Meaning uncertainty)语用收缩Unstable 语用扩充 In order to suit different context.it is necessary to extend or shorten the overtone of the word conceptual meaning,(1)语用收缩(pragmatic narrowing):是指在特定语境中,某一词语所编码意义的所值范围或其含义的缩小。As I worked in the garden,a bird perched on my spade.Birds wheeled above the waves.A bird,high in the sky,invisible,sang its pure song.At Christmas,the bird was delicious.根据不同的语境条件,人们听到这四句话后,即对“bird”的原型意义(prototypical meaning)作出语用收缩的语用加工。Bird在a句中可能指小麻雀;b句中可能指海鸥;c句可能指云雀;d句中多指圣诞火鸡或家禽肉,并非一般的鸟肉。,(2)语用扩充(pragmatic broadening):就是原型意义或常规意义的语用弱化、延伸。The math teacher made a circle on the blackboard,and then explained the diameter and semi-diameter.The students sitting in a circle went on listening to their teacher.Shanghai will be the New York in China.a中“circle”是典型的、具有几何意义的标准圆b中“circle”表示近似于圆的一种形状c中“New York”是指成为类似纽约那样规模、具有高度国际化的大都市。,4)概念临时性Temporary Sometime the speaker adjust the conceptual meaning to serve the context(1)指示(deixis)现象人们使用指示性的词汇时,常常伴有概念意义的临时调整。Ill ask her about it this weekend.Please wait for me in that place tomorrow.要确定句子中的指示词在特定语境中的所指信息,才能理解这些词语和语句的真正语用含义。这些所指的信息就是随语境变化而有所变化的语用意义。(2)共轭搭配(zeugma)主要由一个词语同两个分属不同语义范畴的词语搭配而成。d.She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.Open 与宾语door 和her heart共同组成共轭搭配。,5)语境的共生性。语用意义在运用的过程中必须和语境共生共灭。无论是指上下文,还是指交际的场景。Words pay no debts.(words 指不行动之人的空话)Hes the mouth(发言人)of the House.(在开会的语境)He is nicknamed a magpie.,三、语用意义的分类 Classification of Pragmatic Meaning词的语用意义由于带有鲜明的个体特点,且为不同的语用目的服务,分类复杂多变。根据对原词依附性的程度不同,可以将词的语用意义分为以下四类:一、仿义型(Imitative meaning)二、反义型(Opposite meaning)三、增减型(Broadened or narrowed meaning)四、畸变型/变义型(Distortional meaning),四、语用意义的交际功能Communicative Function of Pragmatic Meaning一、构造修辞手段(Constructing rhetorical devices)二、解释某些逻辑、语法不通现象(Explaining anomalous phenomenon)三、表现个体情感(Expressing individual feelings),The end!,