英语词汇学-Unit-03-Word-fromation.ppt

English LexicologyUnit 3,Word formation 2,Contents,Abbreviation(shortening)ClippingInitialismAcronymBlendingAphesisBack-formationOnomatopoeiaWords from Proper NamesExercises,Clipping(shortening a word or words by leaving out letters or syllables),apocope(back clipped)dorm(itory),disco(theque),expo(sition),gas(oline),hi(gh)-fi(delity),memo(randum),rep(resentative),aphaeresis(front clipped)(violon)cello,bus,cab,phone,front and back clippedflu,fridgesyncope(middle clipped,contraction)fossil(iz)ation,pacif(ic)istgovt(government),cant,Clipping,Clipping in phrases:daily(paper),finals(final examinations)IOU(I owe you),Clipping in styleinformalChanges needed in clipping for the sake of soundbike(bicycle),coke(Coca-Cola),InitialismGeneral(the use of initialization in words where each letter is pronounced),CPPCC(the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference)D.J.(disc jockey)GDP(Gross Domestic Product)GNP(Gross National Product)CPI(consumer price index)IOC(International Olympic Committee)BBC,ABC,NBC,CBS,CNN,APc/o=care ofP.S.=postscriptRSVP=Reponde sil vous plait,InitialismIT,AGP Accelerate Graphics Processor AI Artificial Intelligence BBS Bulletin Board SystemCAD Computer-Aided DesignCAI Computer-Assisted InstructionCD Compact DiskCPU Central Processing Unit DPI Dots Per Inch,FTP File Transfer ProtocolHTTP Hypertext Transfer ProtocolIC Integrate circuitIP Internet ProtocolLCD Liquid Crystal Display LED light-emitting diodeOS Operating SystemPPM Pages Per MinuteUSB Universal Serial Bus VGA Video Graphics Array,InitialismWeb-chatting,ASAPAAMOF(as a matter of fact)BTW BBL(be back later)BRB(be right back)CU(see you)CUL(see you later)FE(for example)FTF(face to face),FYI(for your information)IC(I see)IMO(in my opinion)IOW(in other words)LOL(laughing out loudly)OIC(Oh,I see)TIA(Thanks in advance)TTUL(Talk to you later)TY(Thank you)VG(very good),InitialismCompound,E-school=electronic school（网络学校）E-tail=electronic retail（电子零售）；H-bomb=hydrogen bomb（氢弹）V-day=victory day（胜利日）U-boat=undersea boat（潜艇）,Acronym(words derived from the initials of several words,pronounced as a word,not as a list of letters),APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation（亚太经济合作组织）ASEAN the Association for South-East Asian Nations（东南亚国家联盟）NATO the North Atlantic Treaty Organization（北大西洋公约组织）UNESCO the United Nations Education,Science and Culture Organization（联合国教科文组织）laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation（激光）ROM read only memory（只读内存）,Acronym-Intentional coincidence,近年来，首字母拼音词出现了一个有趣的现象，人们有意或无意地把首字母英语词汇学拼音词拼写成与现存的词相同的样子，并借用其读音。SALT“限制战略武器会谈”(Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)BASIC English“英美国际通用科技商业英语”（British-American-Scientific-International-Commercial English）Basic(Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)（一种计算机代码）CALL(Computer Assisted Language Learning),Blending(making a word by putting together parts of other words),4 types of blendshead+endtelecast(television broadcast)motel(motor hotel),botelhead+headAmerind(American Indian),comsat(communication satellite),Interpol(international police),head+wordparatroop(parachute troops)heliport(helicopter port)word+headmasscult(mass culture)More examples:netizen,brunch,Taikonaut email，sci-fi(or scifi),infortainment，glocalization(全球本土化),Aphesis(词首非重读短元音的脱落),Aphetic forms are a special kind of shortening characterized by the omission of the initial unstressed syllable as in scuse me(excuse me)and cause(because).,professor,prof,fessor,When pronounced casually,the first unstressed syllable may be omitted.,An instance of clipping,An aphetic form,A clipping,Back-formation,Back-formation is the making of a new word from an older word which is mistakenly thought to be its derivative.It involves the shortening of a longer word by cutting away an imagined/supposed derivational suffix.,editoredit,edit+or edit,But how can I judge which is right?,The word edit is often cited as an example of back-formation.In other words,edit is not the source of editor,as dive is not the source of diver,which is the expected derivational pattern;rather,the opposite is the case.Edit in the sense“to prepare for publication,”first recorded in 1793,comes from editor,first recorded in 1712 in the sense“one who edits.”,Diachronic evidence(历时证据):editor:first recoded in 1712edit:first recoded in 1793,almost a hundred years later.,Back-formationlogic,Back-formation is created by analogy according to the following proportion(比例式).writer:write:peddler:?revision:revise:television:?write is to writer as peddle is to peddler.revise is to revision as televise is to television.,peddle,televise,Affixation,Back-formation,seemingly similar,actually opposite,Back-formationClassification,Removing supposed nominal suffix(n.v.)Simple noun suffixCompound noun suffixRemoving supposed adjective suffix(adj.v.)Derivative suffix-Ed Participle suffix-Ing Participle suffix,Simple noun(-or,-er,-ar,-tion,-sion,-ance,-ence,etc),peddler（小贩）to peddle（叫卖）orator（演说家）to orate（演说）burglar（盗贼）to burgle（夜盗）swindler（骗子）to swindle（诈骗）editor（编辑）to edit（编辑）sculptor（雕刻家）to sculpt（雕刻）rover（徘徊者）to rove（徘徊）loafer（游手好闲的人）to loaf（漂游）helicopter（直升飞机）to helicopt（用直升飞机运送）escalator（自动楼梯）to escalate（逐步上升）elevator（升降机）to elevate（升高）resurrection to resurrect（复活）aggression to aggress（侵略）,Simple noun suffix(-or,-er,-ar,-tion,-sion,-ance,-ence,etc)removed,donation to donate（捐赠）escalation to escalate（逐步升级）automationto automate（使自动化）destruction to destruct（破坏，毁坏）pre-emption（先买权）to preempt（先占，先发制人）emotion（感情）to emote（表达感情）location（位置）to locate（定位）reticence to retice（沉默）reminiscence to reminisce（回忆）excursion to excurse（游览）intuition to intuit（凭直觉）option to opt（选择）等,Compound noun suffix(-er,-tion,-sion,-ship,-ist,etc.)removed,caretaker（管理员）to caretake（临时看管）proof-reader（校对人）to proof-read（校对）day-dreamer（空想家）to day-dream（空想）housekeeper（管家人）to housekeep（主持家务）typewriter（打字机）to typewrite（打字）baby-sitter（临时保姆）to baby-sit（做保姆）fire-bomber（燃烧弹）to fire-bomb（用燃烧弹袭击）taperecorder（录音机）to taperecord（录音）mass-production to mass-produce（成批生产）non-conformist（不信奉国教的）to non-conform（不信奉国教）,Derivative suffix(-ish,-some,-ous,-y,etc.)removed,gloomy（忧闷的）to gloom（使忧闷，使阴暗）lazy（懒惰的）to laze（偷懒）peevish（气恼的）to peeve（使气恼）cozy（舒适的）to coze（使舒适）greedy（贪婪的）to greed（贪婪）gruesome（可怕的）to grue（因害怕或寒冷而发抖）,-Ed Participle suffix(-ed,-en)removed,giftwrapped（作作品包装的）to giftwrap（礼品包装）henpecked（惧内的）to henpeck（怕老婆）spoonfed（填鸭式的）to spoonfeed（填鸭式灌输）tongue-tied（张口结舌的）to tongue-tie（张口结舌）globe-trotted（环球的）to globe-trot（环球旅行）browbeaten（被吓坏了的）to browbeat（吹胡子瞪眼）panic-stricken（惊慌失措的）to panic-strike（使惊慌失措）,-Ing Participle suffix removed from n.&adv.,suckling（乳儿）to suckle（给喂奶）merry-making to merry-make（寻欢作乐）air-conditioning（空气调节）to air-condition（调节空气）hay-making to hay-make（晒干草）soothsaying to soothsay（预言）sight-seeing to sight-see（观光）book-keeping to book-keep（记帐）brain-washing（洗脑）to brainwash（实行洗脑，灌输）window-shopping to window-shop（溜达看商店橱窗）darkling adv.（在黑暗中）to darkle（变暗）sidling adv.（从侧面）to sidle（侧身而行）groveling adv.（匍匐地）to grovel（匍匐）,Back-formation in style,Stylistically,back-formation words are applied in press and colloquial contexts.,Onomatopoeia(making words by echoing a sound that is linked to the thing we want to name),Onomatopoetic word(imitative word/echo word).(Ety.:onoma,a name;poiein,to make)喀嚓,Pif-paf(必扑),Classification(by Stephen Ullman)Primary onomatopoeia(基本拟声词)Secondary onomatopoeia(次要拟声词),Primary onomatopoeia,imitating human beingsbabble（婴儿牙牙学语）,chuckle（咯咯地笑）,grumble（咕哝）、cough（咳嗽）,moan（呻吟声）,murmur（自言自语）imitating animalskittens mew（小猫喵喵叫）,pigeons coo（鸽子咕咕叫）,frogs crook（青蛙呱呱叫）,snakes hiss（蛇咝咝声）,mice speak（老鼠吱吱叫）,bees buzz（蜜蜂嗡嗡声）imitating natural soundsWe listened to in the pattering of the rain on the window.（滴滴答答）I heard a long roll of the thunder.(隆隆的),Primary onomatopoeia,imitating other soundswater:bubble,ripple,trickle(细流水)door&window:bangclock:ding,tick-tock,tapweapon:bumpcracking:crack,Secondary onomatopoeia,次要拟声词是指音与某种象征性的意义发生联系的词。这类词从词源上来说是没有拟声依据的,它们之所以被认为有拟声作用,是因为它们本身某些字母的发音能象征某种概念或意境,丰富人们的想象。J.R.Firth称之为phonaesthemes(to label the systematic pairing of form and meaning in a language联觉音组)。sk-(摩擦):skate,skid(打滑),skimsl-(滑):slide,slick(滑溜)bl-“充气”:bladder(气囊),blast,bloat fl-“快速运动或移动”:fly,flow,flush sn-“呼吸”或“爬行”:sneeze,sniff,snail,sneak,snake qu-“摇动、颤动”:quake,quaver,quiver-are(强光或大噪声):blare(耀眼的光),flare,glare,stare-ash(尖利的撞击声):slash(猛砍),mash,clash,crash,Words from Proper Names,Another minor word-formation process is the creation of new words from proper names.The transition from proper names to common nouns is a gradual one.Proper namesPeoples nameName of placesBook names,A good example:sandwich,It originates from John Montagu(1718-92),Fourth Earl of Sandwich.He was so fond of gambling that he would not leave the gambling table to have a proper meal.He was said to eat while playing.Later,people used his name to refer to all similar food.,Words from names of places,china watergate:originally the name of an office building in Washington,D.C.champagne:a white wine madein the region of Champagne,France.,Watergate,The Watergate scandal began with the arrest of five men for secretly entering the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate Office complex in Washington,D.C.on June 17,1972.Investigations conducted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation(FBI)revealed that this burglary was one of many illegal activities authorized and carried out by Nixons staff.,watergate now means any political scandal involving abuse of power,bribery,and obstruction of justice,Why is a scandal always a-gate?,President-related scandals伊朗门，白宫秘书门，情报门Politics-related scandalsKoreagate，cattlegate，虐囚门All kinds of scandals兽兽门，艳照门，博客门，日记门，etc.,catch-22(第22条军规;令人左右为难的规定),Catch-22 is a satirical novel by the American author Joseph Heller(born 1923),first published in 1961.It refers to a paradoxical Air Force rule by which a pilot is considered insane if he keeps flying combat missions without asking for a relief,but if he does ask for a relief,he is considered sane and may not be relieved.例如，如果我是一位还没有发表过作品的作家，也就是说，我的作品没有在出版社出版过；我拿着我的作品去出版社商讨出版问题，出版社的人却对我说，他们不替没有发表过作品的人出版作品。如果所有的出版社都给我同样的答复，我岂不是就遇上Catch-22了！评副教授必须承担过省级科研项目,而申请省级科研项目的人员必须具有副教授资格,这就是catch-22。,Exercise 1Initialism,Exercise 2Acronyms,Exercise 3Clipping,Exercise 4Back-formation,The End,