英语国家概况USChapter9History.ppt

8/24/2023,1,In which state is,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,Tell the names of the states,Massachusetts,Maine,New York,Pennsylvania,Michigan,Illinois,Texas,Florida,Georgia,Nevada,California,Washington,Connecticut,8/24/2023,2,Chapter 9 American History,8/24/2023,3,Shrinking of the Bering land bridge,I.America in the Colonial Era(-1776),Native Americans Indians(P112,1)1.When did they come?2.Who were they?,8/24/2023,4,The Discovery of America(P112,2)Who is said the first one to discover the New World?Why is the continent named America?,I.America in the Colonial Era(-1776),8/24/2023,5,The first colony:Jamestown,Virginia,1607(P112,3)When was the first British colony established in America?Why is the first colony named Jamestown,Virginia?,I.America in the Colonial Era(-1776),8/24/2023,6,In Sep,1620,PURITANS left Plymouth England for Virginia by Mayflower from this dock.,Mayflower Monument at Plymouth England,Plymouth rock,4th Thursday of November,1621,The 2nd settlement,Puritan New England,1620(P112,3)When,where and by whom was the 2nd enduring English settlement established?Significance:A symbol of early European colonization of the AmericaWhich holiday was originated from the puritans,one of the two holidays only observed in the US？Thanksgiving Day(P159):4th Thursday of Nov.;a purely American holiday,Plymouth monument,I.America in the Colonial Era(-1776),8/24/2023,7,1492-1607 first English colony-1732 last English-By 1733,-colonies(P112,4)1607-1776 The Colonial Period,(1607),(1732),I.America in the Colonial Era(-1776),8/24/2023,8,Background(P112,4):the Seven Years WarThe Conflict between Britain and the American ColonistsEngland imposed new taxes and expected Americans to lodge British soldiers.Colonists resented the taxes and resisted the quartering of soldiers.Colonists rallied behind the slogan“No taxation without representation”(P113,1)Example Boston Tea Party:On December 16,1773,a group of Americans threw 342 boxes of tea into Boston Harbor.,II.The War of Independence(1775-1783),8/24/2023,9,Process(P113)In Sep,1774,the 1st Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia,which encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods and Colonial militia units were organized.On April 19,the shots at Lexington started the Independence War.In May,1775,the 2nd Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia.On July 4,1776,Declaration of Independence was adopted.In Oct.1777,the Victory in Saratoga was the turning point.On Oct 19,1781,the British soldiers were forced to surrender.In 1783,the Treaty of Paris was signed and United States won its independence.The territory of America was granted as west as the Mississippi River and extending from Florida to Canada.,II.The War of Independence(1775-1783),8/24/2023,10,Sep.1774 Apr.1775 May.1775 July 4,1776Oct.1781 Sep.1783,First Continental CongressBeginning of Independence War Second Continental CongressSignature of Declaration of IndependenceSurrender of British troopsSignature of Peace Treaty of Paris,II.The War of Independence(1775-1783),8/24/2023,11,Founding Fathers,8/24/2023,12,1777 Jean-Baptiste Greuze portrait of Franklin.,Franklin on the hundred dollar bill.,Benjamin Franklin(Jan 17,1706 Apr 17,1790),one of the Founding Fathers of U.S.He was an early proponent of colonial unity,and as a political writer and activist he supported the idea of an American nation.As a diplomat during the American Revolution he secured the French alliance that helped to make independence of the United States possible.,8/24/2023,13,Today,Washingtons face and image are often used as national symbols of the United States.,8/24/2023,14,Many things have been named in honor of Washington.,8/24/2023,15,III.Civil War(18611865),The Causes of the Civil War(P114,2-3)Two different economic systems existed side by side.The chief and immediate cause was slavery.In the south,agriculture was the main economy,slavery was the foundation.In the north,industrial economy needed free labor.The north demanded high tariffs and asked the government to build an infrastructure of roads and railways.The south advocated free trade,so opposed high tariffs.,8/24/2023,16,III.Civil War(18611865),The Outbreak of the Civil WarUS obtained the territory of the 48 contiguous states by 1860.In 1854,a group of abolitionists formed the Republican Party.Abraham Lincoln became the 16th president in 1861.The South formed a new nation-the Confederate States of America.Lincoln was determined to maintain Federal Government as a union.The war broke out on April 12,1861.,8/24/2023,17,III.Civil War(18611865),The Process of the Civil WarChallenges Abraham Lincoln faced:first prioritykeeping the United States one countryfreedom for black peoplesecondary objective At the beginning of the war,the Union army suffered a lot of setbacks.In order to win the war,Lincoln decided to make the war a just war against slavery and issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863.Many black slaves joined the Union Army.England and France stood by the Unions side.,8/24/2023,18,III.Civil War(18611865),Gettysburg Address,Gettysburg address original,Gettysburg battleIn July,1863,the Union army defeated the Confederate army at Gettysburg,Pennsylvania,which was a turning point of the Civil War.It greatly encouraged the Union Army.After the battle,Lincoln made a short speech,which was later called Gettysburg address ending with that this government of the people,by the people,for the people,shall not perish from the earth(民有，民治，民享的政府永远不会从地球上消失).,8/24/2023,19,III.Civil War(18611865),The train which took his body to his former home in Springfield,Illinois,traveled 12 days before reaching its destination,for all the towns,villages and even the railway itself were packed with people paying their last respect to Lincoln.,The Result of the Civil WarOn Apr 9,1865,General Lee,commanding general of the Confederate army,surrendered his troops.On Apr.14,Lincoln was assassinated by a crazed actor.It resolved two fundamental issues:Slavery was completely abolished;America became a single and stronger nation.,8/24/2023,20,Lincolns life Feb 12,1809,born to two uneducated farmers,in a one-room log cabin on the 348-acre(1.4 km)Sinking Spring Farm,in southeast Hardin County,Kentucky1816/7 Briefly attends school.His family was forced out of their home.He had to work to support them and crosses the Ohio River and settles in the backwoods of Indiana.1818/9 kicked in the head by a horse and for a brief time is thought to be dead.Oct.5,his mother dies of milk sickness”at the age of 34.1831/22 Abe makes a second flatboat trip to New Orleans.His father moves again,but Abe doesnt go and instead settles in New Salem,Illinois,where he works as a clerk in the village store and sleeps in the back.Learns basic math,reads Shakespeare and Robert Burns and participates in a local debating society.Fails in business.1832/23 In Mar,becomes a candidate for Illinois General Assembly州议会.The Black Hawk War breaks out.In April,Abe enlists and is elected Captain of his rifle company.Re-enlists as a private after company is disbanded.He serves a total of 3 months but does not fight in a battle.Aug 6,loses the election.The village store he worked in goes out of business.Lincoln and partner,William Berry,purchase another village store in New Salem.Runs for state legislaturelost.Also loses his jobwants to go to law school but cant get in.1833/24 Borrows some money from a friend to begin a business and by the end of the year he is bankrupt.He spends the next 17 years of his life paying off this debt.Lincoln is appointed Postmaster of New Salem.In Autumn,Lincoln is appointed Deputy County Surveyor.1834/25 On Aug 4,is elected to the Illinois General Assembly as a member of the Whig party.Begins to study law.In Dec,meets Stephen A.Douglas,21,a Democrat.1835/26 In Jan,former store partner William Berry dies,increasing Lincolns debt to$1000.engaged to be married,sweetheart dies and his heart is broken.1836/27 Has a total nervous breakdown and is in bed for six months.Aug 1,re-elected to the Illinois Gen.Assembly and by now is a leader of the Whig party.September 9,Lincoln receives his law license.Begins courtship of Mary Owens,28.Has an episode of severe depression in December.,III.Civil War(18611865),8/24/2023,21,Lincolns life 1809年,出生在寂静的荒野上的一座简陋的小屋1816年,7岁,全家被赶出居住地1818年,9岁,年仅34岁的母亲不幸去世1827年,18岁,自己制作了一艘摆渡船1831年,22岁,经商失败1832年,23岁,竞选州议员,但落选了,想进法学院学法律,但进不去1833年,24岁,向朋友借钱经商,年底破产.接下来花了16年,才把这笔钱还清1834年,25岁,再次竞选州议员，当选1835年,26岁,订婚后即将结婚时，未婚妻病逝1836年,27岁,精神完全崩溃,卧病在床6个月,III.Civil War(18611865),8/24/2023,22,Lincolns life 1838/29 Helps to successfully defend Henry Truett in a famous murder case.Aug 6,re-elected to the Illinois Gen.Assembly,becoming Whig floor leader议会中的政党领袖.Seeks to become speaker of the state legislaturedefeated.1840/31 June,Lincoln argues his first case before the Illinois Supreme Court.August 3,re-elected to the Illinois Gen.Assembly.In Fall,becomes engaged to Mary Todd.Seeks to become electordefeated.1843/34 Lincoln is unsuccessful in try for the Whig nomination for U.S.Congress.August 1,first child is born.Runs for Congresslost.1846/37-March 10,a son,Edward Baker Lincoln is born.May 1,nominated to be the Whig candidate for U.S.Congress.August 3,elected to the U.S.House of Representatives.Runs for Congress againthis time he winsgoes to Washington and does a good job.1848/39 Jan 22,gives a speech on floor of the House against President Polks war policy regarding Mexico.In June,attends the national Whig convention supporting General Zachary Taylor as the nominee for president.Campaigns for Taylor in Maryland and in Boston,Mass.,then in Illinois.Runs for re-election to Congressloses.1849/40 Mar 7 and 8,makes an appeal before the U.S.Supreme Court regarding the Illinois statute of limitations,but is unsuccessful.Mar 31,returns to Springfield and leaves politics to practice law.Seeks the job of land officer in his home staterejected.1854/45 Re-enters politics opposing the Kansas-Nebraska Act.Elected to Illinois legislature but declines the seat in order to try to become U.S.Senator.Runs for Senate of the United Satesloses.1856/47 May 29,helps organize the new Republican party of Illinois.At the first Republican convention,Lincoln gets 110 votes for the vice-presidential nomination,bringing him national attention.1858/49 Jun 16,nominated to be the Republican senator from Illinois,opposing Democrat Stephen A.Douglas.Gives House Divided speech at the state convention in Springfield.Also engages Douglas in a series of seven debates with big audiences.Runs for U.S.Senate againagain he loses.1860/50 May 18 Nominated to be the Republican candidate for President of the United States.Opposes Northern Democrat Stephen Douglas and Southern Democrat John Breckinridge.In Jun,writes a longer autobiography.1864/54 Nov 8,Lincoln is re-elected president,defeating Democrat George McClellan.Lincoln gets 212 of 233 electoral votes and 55 percent of the popular vote.1865/55 April 14,Lincoln and his wife Mary see the play Our American Cousin at Fords Theater.About 10:13 p.m.,during the third act of the play,John Wilkes Booth shoots the president in the head.Doctors attend to the president in the theater then move him to a house across the street.He never regains consciousness.,III.Civil War(18611865),8/24/2023,23,Lincolns life 1838年,29岁,努力争取成为州议员的发言人,没有成功1840年,31岁,争取成为被选举人,落选了1843年,34岁,参加国会大选,又落选了1846年,37岁,再次参加国会大选,这次当选了1848年,39岁,寻求国会议员连任,失败了1849年,40岁,想在自己州内担任土地局长,被拒绝了1854年,45岁,竞选参议员，落选了1856年,47岁,在共和党的全国代表大会上争取副总统的提名得票110张1858年,49岁,再度参选参议员,再度落选1860年,51岁,当选美国总统 1864年,55岁,连任美国总统，北方军取得胜利1865年,56岁,内战结束公开地被枪杀在剧场,III.Civil War(18611865),8/24/2023,24,永不退缩的林肯总统Born into poverty,Lincoln was faced with defeat throughout his life.He lost eight elections,twice failed in business and suffered a nervous breakdown.生下来就一贫如洗的林肯，终其一生都在面对挫败，八次竞选落败，两次经商失败，甚至还精神崩溃过一次。He could have quit many timesbut he didnt and because he didnt quit,he became one of the greatest presidents in the history of the country.好多次，他本可以放弃，但他并没有如此，也正因为他没有放弃，才成为美国历史上最伟大的总统之一。Feb 12,Abraham Lincolns birthdayFeb 22,George Washingtons birthday 3rd Monday in Feb,Washington-Lincoln Day-Presidents Day,III.Civil War(18611865),8/24/2023,25,The Lincoln Memorial in Washington,D.C.,The Lincoln Memorial,stands in West Potomac Park in Washington,D.C.,Sculpture inside the Lincoln Memorial,8/24/2023,26,The Lincoln Tomb in Springfield(斯普林菲尔德),8/24/2023,27,Lincolns likeness on Mount Rushmore,8/24/2023,28,Lincolns closeup on 5 dollar bill,United States coin,obverse,2002,Lincoln$5 bill and the Lincoln cent,8/24/2023,29,Abraham Lincoln was elected President as candidate of _.A.the Democratic Party B.the Republican Party C.the Whig Party D.None of the above,III.Civil War(18611865),8/24/2023,30,Abraham Lincoln issued _ to grant freedom to all slaves.Declaration of IndependenceConstitutionEmancipation ProclamationBill of Rights,III.Civil War(18611865),8/24/2023,31,The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by _ during the Civil War.George Washington Abraham LincolnThomas JeffersonFranklin Roosevelt,III.Civil War(18611865),8/24/2023,32,References,余志远，1996，英语国家概况M。北京：外语教学与研究出版社张奎武，2000，英美概况下M。吉林：吉林科学技术出版社,8/24/2023,33,Declaration of Independence,The signed,engrossed copy of the Declaration,now badly faded,is on display at the National Archives in Washington,DC.,The signed,engrossed copy of the Declaration,now badly faded,is on display at the National Archives in Washington,DC.,All men are created equal and human beings are born with many unalienable rights such as liberty,life and the pursuit of happiness.（P113),8/24/2023,34,GETTYSBURG SPEECH Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth,upon this continent,a new nation,conceived in Liberty,and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.Now we are engaged in a great civil war,testing whether that nation,or any nation,so conceived,and so dedicated,can long endure.We are met here on a great battlefield of that war.We have come to dedicate a portion of it as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.But in a larger sense we can not dedicate-we can not consecrate-we can not hallow this ground.The brave men,living and dead,who struggled,here,have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract.The world will little note,nor long remember,what we say here,but can never forget what they did here.It is for us,the living,rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they have,thus far,so nobly carried on.It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us-that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion-that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain;that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom;and that this government of the people,by the people,for the people,shall not perish from the earth.(民有