英语国家概况Brit Slides.ppt

Welcome,Connections,Spanish GoldThe King of FranceStamps and TeaCriminalsTrees,Ancient Britain:A Series of Invasions,Ancient Britain was originally settled by a neo-lithic group called the Beaker People sometime before 2975 BCE.These are the people who built Stonehenge.Then Britain was invaded by the CeltsBritons.These were the people there when the Romans invaded.After the Romans left,Britain was invaded by Germanic peoples who had never been RomanizedThe Angles,Saxons and Jutes.1066-The Norman Conquest under William the Conqueror.,Medieval England,England is a Catholic country(This is true for all of Europe)Government and economy is feudalism with a monarch and a number of“Great Barons”There is a series of dynastic struggles.The last one,The War of Roses,brings the Tudors to power.Two Stories and a legal document.,King Arthur,King Arthur.A story every English-speaker knows.Legend about unifying England.Knights of the Round TableQuest for the Holy GrailFall and return.,Robin Hood:the other story everyone knows.There are two real historical figures involved:King Richard the Lionhearted and Prince JohnSets up defiance against oppression as cultural valueMay be clue to parts of English character.,The Magna Carta,The Magna Carta The first was signed 1215.This stated that English freemen had certain rights including habeas corpus.It also limited the power of the king and started the idea that no one is above the law.It also provided for a Great Council which would rule England along with the king.This is the foundation of the British Parliament.,Henry VIII(1491-1547),He represents the break for England from the Middle AgesMonarch from 1509.He is an early Renaissance figure who set the stage for modern England and created the conflicts that would plague England until 1688.He brought the Reformation to EnglandMarried six timesHis marriages also reflects the politics and problems of England.,Henrys Wives and Children,1.Catherine of Aragon-Catholic Daughter:Mary.Divorced(Mary married Philip of Spain.2.Anne Boleyn-Protestant Daughter:Elizabeth.Beheaded3.Jane Seymour-Catholic Son:Edward.Died4.Anne of Cleves-Protestant.Divorced5.Catherine Howard-Catholic.Beheaded6.Catherine Parr-Protestant.Survived.,Elizabeth I,1533 1603,monarch from 1558Never married.Quelled but did not end religious strife.Modernized the monarchy and government in England.Early conflict with Spain and the rise of Britain as a powerful country.Start of colonization in North America,Elizabeth and the Renaissance,Part of the Renaissance complete with the rise of Humanism,the new learning and the age of exploration.In different parts of Europe,the Renaissance took different forms.In England the most representative form was drama.The transition to the early modern period from the Medieval periodThe printing press and a change in how people read.,The Seventeenth Century,James I and Charles ICivil War 1643-1651 and the Commonwealth(Puritan Republic)1649-1653 Protectorate of Cromwell 1653-9Charles II and James IIRestoration 1660 and the Glorious Revolution 1688 English Bill of Rights and Act of Toleration 1689The First British Empire,Hobbes and LockeThe Origins of ESC Political Ideas,Thomas Hobbes(1588-1679)Principle work:The Leviathan(1651)Hobbes idea of the social contract:Governments exist to provide order.Hobbesian state of nature.John Locke(1632-1704)Principle work:Second Treatise on Government.Lockes idea of the social contract:Governments exist to protect the rights of individuals to life,liberty and property.The Lockean state of nature.,Beginning of the Eighteenth Century,Britain becomes a major power in European affairs during the Nine Years War(1688-97),fought to prevent France from controlling the Netherlands and the War of Spanish Succession(1702-1713)(aka Queen Annes War)fought to prevent French control of Spain.Bank of England founded(1694)Union with Scotland 1707the Union Jack.Hanoverian Ascension 1714.,The EnlightenmentA few points and writers.,In many ways this was a reaction to the religious strife and emphasis of the 17th century.Accompanied a rising middle class and social transformation.It began as a rejection of absolute,received authority and sought new bases for morality,social structure and government.It found them in the application of human reason.,Enlightenment(contd),The English and Scottish Enlightenment were part of a western movement of thought which included France,Germany and British North America.Like the Renaissance,the Enlightenment sought to reorganize not just society but how people learned and thought.This is the time of the first English dictionaries and encyclopedias.,Some Interesting Enlightenment Figures,Samuel Johnson(1709-1784)Energetic ombudsman of the Enlightenment.Principle work:A Dictionary of the English LanguageAlexander Pope(1688-1744)Satirist of social conventionsThe Rape of the Lock.“Essay on Man”and the great chain of being.,Contd,Adam Smith(1723-1790)Scottish Enlightenment.Believed reason should be applied to how society actually worked.The Wealth of Nations(1776)and A Theory of Moral Sentiments(1759).China,little fingers and enlightened self-interest.William Herschel(1738-1822).Science,the discovery of space and related topics.,Some Effects of Science,The interest in science led to developments that would become important during this period and for the 19th century.An effective method for measuring longitude.Developments of in the production of coal,iron and textiles.James Watt and the invention of the steam engine.,The Latter Eighteenth Century,The Scottish Problem.The American Revolution and the Crisis of ConfidenceThe French Revolution,the end of the Enlightenment,Edmund Burke(1729-97)and the variation of Hobbes.Enclosure and increased farm production.The beginnings of urbanization.Act of Union(Ireland 1800),Edmund Burke,Born 1729 in Dublin.Dies 1797.Was MP for Bristol.Supported reconciliation with the colonials during the America RevolutionReflections on the Revolution in France 1790,Contd,Principle ideas:rights are inherited and specific rather than abstract,hierarchies should be respected and reform should be from within the system.Existing hierarchies and tradition are needed to maintain order.Rejected the traditional interpretation of the Glorious Revolution.,The 19th Century(Victorian Age)Social Changes,The Thought Experiment 1814 v.1910Urbanization and Industrialization An example:Railroads by 1848 there were over 8,000 miles of railway.Population expansion:1801 15.74,1851 27.39(in millions)By 1901 80 percent of the population lived in towns.,Contd plus politics,Marx believed the revolution would happen in England first but it didnt.The creation of the lower middle classWorking classes and unions(narrowly focused),friendly societies and rule of law as an idea.Whig Theory of History and the urge to reform.,Politics and Society Contd,Reform Acts(Attached)Also creation of boards of health,police forces and relief societiesDickens and TennysonThe Second British Empireoriginally based on the idea of free trade but then became connected to spreading“civilization.”Kipling and Conrad.The Social Problem and the Liberal Consensusthe rise of the Labor Party.The Boer War.Welcome to the future,some assembly required.,The Great War.,It started over a political assassination.It was fought in Europe,Africa,and Asia but mostly in EuropeFrance.Britain unprepared.Trench Warfare and the strategy of attrition.British losses:750,000 men killed,2.5 million wounded,many permanently disabled.The Somme:A month long battle in June 1916British lost 60,000 men on the first day,420,000 causalities in all.The front line moved 100 yards.At home,total war.Good for women.Partial vote in 1918(Universal in 1928)David Lloyd George,secret treaties,Versailles,the Break up of the Liberal CoalitionIreland and the Easter Rebellion 1916 and the Irish Free State 1921,Modernism or“Goodbye to All That”,Obsessive concern with the unknowability of things.Heavily influenced by Einstein and Freud,Modernists were interested in the idea of fractured memory and time.If the old ways of thinking resulted in war,then the Modernists were concerned with the“shock of the new”.There was also a concern for Reason as Rationale,progress as flawed and Avant-garde.A new internationalism.Woolf,Robert Graves and Orwell.,Other Aspects of the Interwar Period,It was,mostly,a period of economic stagnation with some modest gains in living standards during the 1920s and high unemployment during the 1930s.Rural DepressionThe General Strike of 1926 and simmering divisions.A keeping up of appearances and Traditional Order.Britain was essentially on autopilot.The Imperial System and its discontents.John Maynard Keynes and new ideas.,World War Two,This war lacked the popular zeal of the Great War.But there was the perception of it being a“good war.”Defeat on the Continent(Dunkirk),Alone(with colonies that remained),Blitzed and running on empty.Alliance with the United States.A growing sense of egalitarianism.Total War,again and the Blitz(60,000 civilians killed),Social Change during the War and After.,Beveridge Report(1942)by Sir William Beveridge laid out a scheme of comprehensive social welfare.There was a sense of a changed world with plans to keep it.Labor controlled the government from 1945 to 1951.Conservative from 1951-64.(But fairly broad based consensus on how to govern:1960 saw unemployment increase and the Tories intervened.Retreat from Empire.Cold War.The problem of Europe.,Late Twentieth Century to Today,The Falklands War,some domestic unrest and polarization under Thatcher.Oil and Growing prosperity.Celebrity CultureMulticultural Society and its discontents.Ulster and the Good Friday Accords.Welsh and Scottish nationalism and their parliaments,Englishjsnu,