英语国家概况chapter2History.ppt

Chapter 2 History,The Founding of the Nation,(5000BC.-1066).Early Settlers(5000BC-55BC)Iberians(伊比利来人):first known settlersBeaker Folk(宽口陶器人）(2000BC.)Celts(700BC.),Roman Britain,Roman Britain(55BC-410AD)British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.In 55BC and 54BC,Julius Caesar,a Roman general,invaded Britain twice.In AD 43,the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully.For nearly 400 years,Britain was under the Roman occupation.,Romans Influence on Britain,The Rome built many towns,road,baths,temples and buildings.They make good use of Britains natural resources.They also brought the new religion,Christianity,to Britain.,Reasons for limited Roman influence on Britain,First,the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people(属民)of slave class.Second,Never during the 4th C did the Romans and Britons intermarry.Third,the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.,Important Events in England from 446 to 1066,Anglos-Saxons invasionThe Viking and Danish The Norman Conquest,The Anglo-Saxons(446-871),In the mid-5thC a new wave of invaders,Jutes,Saxons and Angles came to Britain.They were three Teutonic(日耳曼)tribesThe Jutes(现丹麦南部）came first in 449.Then the Saxons（德国北部）from the end of 5th C to the beginning of 6th C.Last came the Angles（德国北部）.,Religion,The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain,so Christianity soon disappeared except among the Celts of Wales,Scotland and Ireland.In 597,Pope Gregory I sent Augustine,the prior of St.Andrews Monastery in Rome,to England to convert the heathen English(英国异教徒)to Christianity.He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility,but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.,The contibutions made by Anglo-Saxons,Firstly,they divided the country into shires,with shire courts and shrine reeves,responsible for administering law.Secondly,they devised the narrow-strip,three-field farming system(窄条三圃田农耕制）which continued to the 18th C.Thirdly,they also established the manorial system.(领地制）Fourthly.They created the Witan(议会)to advise the king,the basis of the Privy Council(枢密院)which still exists today.,Vikings and Danish invasions,The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes.They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th C.They became a serious problem in the 9th.C,especially between 835 and 878.They even managed to capture York,an important center of Christianity in 867.by the middle of 9th C,the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.,King Alfred(849-899)and his contributions,He was a king of Wessex.He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879.The Danes gained control of the north and east,while he ruled the rest.He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.He founded a strong fleet known as“the father of the British navy”He established schools and formulated a legal system.So he was called Alfred the Great.,The Norman Conquest(1066),William conquered England after Edwards death.William led his army to invade England.In Oct.1066,during the important battle of Hastings,William defeated Harold and killed him.Thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.,The Norman Conquests consequences,The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best known event in English history.William replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government.So the feudal system was completely established in England.Relations with the Continent（欧洲大陆）were opened,and the civilization and commerce were extended.Norman-French culture,language,manners and architecture were introduced.The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome,and the church courts（教会法庭）were separated from the civil courts（世俗法庭）.,Transition to the modern Age(1455-1688),The wars of the Roses(1455-1485)The name wars of the roses refers to the battles between the House of Lancaster,symbolized by the red rose and that of York,symbolized by the white.Henry Tudor,descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Field in 1485 and put the country under the rules of the Tudors.,The English Religious Reformation,Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church.ReasonsA.Henry needed money and wealth of the clergy were resented.B.Struggle for a divorce;get rid of the English churchs connection with the Pope.,Significance of the religious reform,A.It stressed the power of the monarch.B.Its attack on Popes power.C.It encouraged many critics of the Catholic Church.D.It moves England from Catholicism towards Protestantism.,Elizabeth I(1558-1603),Her religious reform and her foreign policyHer religious reform was a compromise of views.She kept Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control.From nearly 3 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other,the two great Catholic powers,France and Spain.And she prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict through her marriage alliances which were never materialized.She tries to maintain a friendly relationship with France.So England did not have to face the danger from Spain.,The English Renaissance,Features:English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classicsEngland as an insular（与大陆隔离的）country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in EuropeOwing to the great genius of the 14th C poet Chaucer,the native literature was sufficiently vigorous。English Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.,The civil wars and their consequences(1642-1651),The civil war happens due to the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament.It began on Aug.22th and Charles was condemned to death.The English civil war is also called the Puritan revolution.It overthrew feudal system in England and shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe.It is generally regarded as the beginning of the modern world history.,The Restoration,When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son,Richard,the regime(政权)began to collapse.One general called George Monck occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections.The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late kings son to return from his exile in France as king Charles.It was called the Restoration.,The Glorious Revolution of 1688,In 1685 Charles died and was succeeded by his brother James.He was brought up in exile in Europe and was a Catholic.He hoped to rule without converting his religious belief,but England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago.So the English politicians rejected James and appealed to a Protestant king,William of Orange,to invade and take the English throne.William landed in England in 1688.the takeover was relatively smooth,with no bloodshed,nor any execution of the king.So it was called the Glorious Revolution.,The rise and fall of the British Empire(1688-1990),Whigs and ToriesThe above 2 party names originated with the Glorious Revoltion.(1688)The Whig were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom.It later became the Liberal party.The Tories were those who supported monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings.The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.,The Industrial Revolution,It refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18thC and early 19th C.,Why Britain is the first country to industrialize?,Favorable geographical locationPolitical stabilityGood foundation in economyDistribute their products easily because of the seaportsRich in water,steam power and mineral resourcesNo internal customs barriers(England,Scotland and Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this included Ireland after 1807.)The enclosure movement,Consequences of the industrial Revolution,Britain was by 1830 the workshop of the worldTowns grew rapidly and became the source of the nations wealth.Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it.The working men worked and lived in an appalling conditions.The industrial revolution created the industrial working class,the proletariat（无产阶级）and it later led to trade unionism（工会制度）.,Britain and the First World War(from 1914-1918),The war is between the central power(Germany and Austria-Hungary奥匈帝国）,and the allies(Britain,France and Russia).During the war,the Britain lost much.Apart from the loss of manpower,there had been considerable disruption of economy and society.,Britain between the two world wars,The effects of the New York Stock Market Crash of 1929 soon spread throughout Europe and by 1931,Britain was entering the Great depression.,Britain and the Second World War,As Adolf Hitler and Nazism showed off their aggressive momentum in Europe,Chamberlain,the Prime Minister,found his policy of appeasement of German aggression was no longer tenable,and was forced to declare war on Germany on September 3,1939.,Postwar Britain,One of the most far-reaching consequences of the war was that it hastened the end of Britains empire.In January 1973,Britain became a full member of the European Economic Community which was still called the Common Market in 1973.Britain witnessed the first oil shock in 1973.,