英语句子结构解析与定语从句详解.ppt

Revision on Basic Grammar,英语基础语法复习,词类：,1.teacher,book2.we,me,he3.two,fifth4.work,study,live5.good,big6.fast,quickly7.a,an,the8.in,on,by,with9.and,but10.oh，ah,1.名词 n.2.代词 pron.3.数词 num.4.动词 v.5.形容词 adj.6.副词 adv.7.冠词 art.8.介词 prep.9.连词 conj.10.感叹词 int.,句子成分,主语谓语 宾语定语状语补语表语同位语,主语(Subject)主语是句子的主体，是句子所要说明的人或事物。,During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.We often speak English in class.One-third of the students in this class are girls.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.Smoking does harm to the health.The rich should help the poor.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.It is necessary to master a foreign language.It is necessary that we should master a foreign language.,谓语(predicate or predicate verb)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态,“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”,由动词来担任.,He practices running every morning.You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.We are students.,宾语(object)：表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。,They went to see an exhibition yesterday.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.He pretended not to see me.I enjoy listening to popular music.I think（that）he is fit for his office.,宾语种类：,Lend me your dictionary,please.双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）They elected him their monitor.复合宾语（宾语+宾补）,定语（attribute）：修饰名词或代词,Guilin is a beautiful city.China is a developing country;America is a developed country.There are thirty women teachers in our school.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.He is reading an article about how to learn English.Children who live by the sea usually begin to swim at an early age.,状语(adverbial)：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征,Light travels most quickly.He has lived in the city for ten years.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.He is in the room making a model plane.,状语种类,How about meeting again at six?Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.Mr Smith lives on the third floor.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.She came in with a dictionary in her hand.In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.She works very hard though she is old.I am taller than he is.,状语种类,How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）,补语complement：补充主语和宾语的意义，说明主语或宾语的特征。,Hill was declared the winner of the fight.His father named him Tom.They painted their boat white.Let the fresh air in.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.We saw her entering the room.We found everything in the lab in good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now.,表语predicative：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。,Our teacher of English is an American.Is it yours?The weather has turned cold.The speech is exciting.Three times seven is twenty one?His job is to teach English.His hobby is playing football.The machine must be out of order.Time is up.The class is over.The truth is that he has never been abroad.,同位语(appositive)同位语用来对一个词或词的内容加以补充和说明。它通常位于其说明的词或词组之后。,We Chinese are hard-working.You two are very lazy.The truth that he has never been abroad makes me surprised.,英语五种基本句型,1.+（主谓）The rain stops.2.+（主谓宾）Jane speaks French.3.+L+（主系表）Toms father is a professor.4.+O1+O2（主谓间宾直宾）He told us the whole story.5.+（主谓宾宾补）He found George smart.,分析下列句子。1.Our school is not far from my home.主语 系动词 表语 2.It is a great pleasure to talk with you.主语 系动词 表语3.All of us considered him honest.主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语4.My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语5.He broke a piece of glass.主语 及物动词 宾语,6.He made it clear that he would leave the city主语 动词 形式宾语 it 宾语补足语+宾语7.I love you more than her,child 主语 及物动词 宾语 8.Trees turn green when spring comes.主语 系动词 表语+状语（时间状从）9.They pushed the door open.主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语10.Grandma told me an interesting story last night.主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语+时间状,11.He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.主语双宾动词 直接宾语间接宾语12.All the students think highly of his teaching.主语 及物动词 宾语13.We need a place twice larger than this one.主语 及物动词 宾语+状语14.He asked us to sing an English song.主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 15.Dont get nervous.主语 系动词 表语,16.We will make our school more beautiful.主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语17.He didnt comeThat is why he didnt know 主语+不及物动词 主语 系动词 表语18.She showed us many of her pictures.主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语19.The old man lives a lonely life.主语 及物动词+宾语 20.Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.主语 不及物动词,21.The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany主语 系动词 表语22.There are so many people in the hall that its hard for me to find him主句：There be 23.No matter how difficult the task may be,we must fulfill it this month.主句：主语 及物动词 宾语 24.Go back where you came from.主语 不及物动词25.We must do whatever the people want us to do.主语 及物动词 宾语,26.At last he got home,tired and hungry.主语 不及物动词27.Would you please pass me the cup?主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语28 Mary handed her homework to the teacher.主语双宾动词直接宾语间接宾语29.Do you know the latest news about him?主语 及物动词 宾语30.Ill get my hair cut tomorrow.主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语,一、按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old.She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating?How old is he?Is he six or seven years old?Mary can swim,cant she?3）祈使句：Be careful,boys;Dont talk in class.4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!,句子分类,二、按句子的结构可分三种：简单句、并列句和复合句。1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。,He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.,2)并列句：由并列连词（and,but,or等）或分号（;）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。You help him and he helps you.The future is bright;the road is tortuous.,3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、形容词性从句（定语从句）和副词性从句（状语从句）等。,She is fond of collecting stamps.We all study hard.I love sports very much.Mum made a beautiful skirt for me.We elected him our class president.There are more than 3000 students in our school.,The food was good,but he had little appetite.Lets hurry,or we will be late.He felt no fear,for he was very brave.He was sick,so they were quiet.,The film had begun when we got to the cinema.Do you know the man who is in the car?What he said is not true.I know its difficult to master a foreign language.The question is whether he will join us next time.The idea that Iraq could be taken within a week or two was an underestimation.If you want to get into university,you have to pass a number of exams.,判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句:1.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3.There is a chair in this room,isnt there?4.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.5.He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.6.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7.Neither has he changed his mind,nor will he do so.8.What he said at the meeting is very important,isnt it?9.The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.,定语从句的分类,定语从句,The Restrictive Attributive Clause限制性定语从句,The Non-Restrictive Attributive Clause非限制性定语从句,Restrictive Attributive Clauses,在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词有：which,that,who,whom,whose和as。引导定语从句的关系副词有：where,when,why。,An astronaut is a person who works and travels in space.2.A spacecraft is a vehicle that/which can travel in space.,antecedent 先行词,relative pronoun 关系代词,限制性定语从句的构成,The man who lives next to us sells vegetables.You must do everything that I do.I have found the book which I lost.I visited the school where I studied.,关系代词 关系副词,注意事项:1.从句的位置:2.翻译方法:3.构成：,先行词之后,“的”,关系词,关系代词的用法,人；物,主语，宾语,作宾语可省,物,主语；宾语,作宾语可省,人,主语；宾语,作宾语可省,人,宾语,可省,人；物,定语,不可省,关系代词的用法：,1.作主语用who,which或that,如：He is the man who/that lives next door.The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen.,2.作宾语用whom,who,which,that 如：The man(whom/who/that)we have just seen is a famous writer.Where is the book(which/that)I bought last week?,3.作定语用whose 如：(a)He is the man whose car was stolen last week.(b)It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.,注：“whose+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上a句），又能作宾语（如上b句）。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念,这时可以与of which互换。,词序是：the+名词+of which，如：They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.(=the back wall of which)Hes written a book the name of which Ive completely forgotten.(=whose name),4.作表语只用that,它既可以指人，也可以指物,例如：He is no longer the man that he used to be.This is no longer the dirty place that it used to be.,难点：whose,Join the following pair of sentences.,关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格,The house is mine.The window of the house is broken.,The house whose window is broken is mine.,whose window=the houses window,The house is mine.,the window of which is broken,of which the window is broken,当先行词受such,the same修饰，常用asI have never heard such a story as he tells.He is not such a fool as he looks.This is the same book as I lost last week.注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同。She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding.她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。,1）先行词是不定代词：all，few，little，much，something，nothing，anything等。例如：All that we have to do is to practice every day.2）先行词被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some等修饰。例如：I have read all the books(that)you gave me.3）先行词被被形容词最高级修饰This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen.4）先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰，例如：The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.The train is the last that will go to Suzhou.,只能用that 做关系代词的情况,5）先行词被the only，the very，the last修饰时。He is the only person that I want to talk to.他是惟一的我想跟说话的人。The only possessions that I could see were a few tin plates and cups and a couple of pots.我能看到的他们仅有的财产就是几个锡盘子、杯子和三两个罐子。6）先行词既有人又有物时。例如：They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.他们谈论着他们能记起的那些在学校的人和事。7）who,which 等疑问代词引导的句子。Who is the boy that won the gold medal?8）当先行词在主句中作表语Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.,关系代词的用法练习,1.The eggs were not fresh.I bought them yesterday.2.The friend was not hungry.He came to supper last night.,The eggs(that/which)I bought them were not fresh.,The friend who/that he came to supper last night was not hungry.,1.Tom is one of the boys who from theUSA.2.Tom is the only one of the the boys who from the USA.A is B are,答案B,A 注意one of+n.在定丛中的主谓一致问题,1.Is this factory _ we visitedlast week?2.Is this the factory _ we visitedlast week?A.which B.where C.what D.the one,第一题缺少表语，只有填D项才能保持主句的完整性，而其他的选项均为干扰项。第二题主句本身完整，应填的关系代词在从句中作visited 的宾语，故应选A项。,关系副词的用法,指代,所做成分,是否可省略,when,时间,状语,否,where,地点,状语,否,why,原因,状语,否,关系副词,when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语如：I still remember the time when I first became a college student.Do you know the date when Lincoln was born?,关系副词的用法,2.where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。如：This is the hotel where they are staying.I forget the house where the Smiths lived,3.why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如：That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.,使用关系副词应注意下列几点：,1.这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一 定的介词+which结构：when=on(in,at,during)+which;where=in(at,on)+which;why=for which.I was in Beijing on the day when(=on which)he arrived.The office where(=in which)he works is on the third floor.,2.当先行词是表时间的time,day等和表地点的place,house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：,Ill never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.Ill never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.,温馨提示：when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why只能引导限制性定语从句。,1.根据先行词来确定 This is the pot in which I boiled the milk.This is the pot(which/that)I boiled the milk in.,介词的确定方法：,介词+which/whom,1979 was the year in which my son was born.(=when)This is the place in which I grew up.(=where),The person to whom I complained is the manager.The person(who/whom/that)I complained to is the manager.,2.根据从句中的谓语动词或形容词来确定,3.当介词和从句中的动词构成固定词组 时,介词不能前置The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.,as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别,1.which引导的定语从句只能位于主句后，但as引导的从句可位于主句前、中、后。,2.非限制性定丛为否定句时，常用which,He married her,which was unexpected.他和她结婚了，这是出乎意料的。(不可用as),3.as有“正如”之意，而which则意为“这(件事，一点)”，可用and this/that/it来代替。,Tom has made rapid progress,which makes me very happy.,as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别,5.as多用于固定搭配中：as we all know,as is known to all，as we can see,as is often the case(这是常有的事)，as was expected(不出所料)，as often happens(正如经常发生的那样)，as has been said before(如上所述)，as is mentioned above(正如上面所提到的)等。,注：which代表整个句子，还可用于in which case,at which point,on which occasion等。,I may have to work late,in which case Ill telephone you.我可能得晚点下班，那样我会给你打电话的。,1.If a shop has chairs _ women can park their men,women will spend more time in the shop.A.that B.which C.when D.where,解析：答案D 先行词chairs在定语从句中作状语，用where。,典型题例解析,2.-Why does she always ask you for help?-There is no one else _,is there?A.who to turn to B.she can turn toC.for whom to turn D.for her to turn,解析：答案B one是先行词，省略了关系代词that。,3.Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _ people were eaten by the tiger.A.in which B.by which C.which D.that,解析：答案A 该题考查定语从句介词+关系代词。,4.Do you still remember the chicken farm _we visited three months ago?A.in which B.by which C.which D.that,解析：答案C 先行词farm在从句中作visit的宾语。,5.There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands.A.where B.which C.when D.that,解析：答案A 先行词her trousers在定语从句中作状语，故用关系副词where。,6.Is this the only reason _at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?A.that he explained B.what he explainedC.why he explained D.which he explained,解析：答案A 先行词前有the only,the very,the right等修饰时，要用that。,He did all/everything _he could to help me.2.This is the very thing _ I am after.3.This is the first thing _ I want to say.4.He often speaks the role he played in the play,_ made others upset.5.He opened the door,in front of _ sat a boy.,that,that,that,that,which,whose,whom or who,which,which,