英语主谓“三一致”原则.ppt

英 语 语 法专题系列讲座,第 二 讲英 语 主 谓“三一致”原则,0.何为英语“主谓一致”三原则？汉语中不存在主语一致的问题，因而学习英语的中国人在说写英语时常常在主谓一致方面出错。这就是开设此讲座的原因。那么何为英语主谓一致呢？它指的是谓语动词必须和主语在单复数上保持一致，且必须遵循以下三条原则:(1)语法一致：指主语和谓语之间在语法与形式上的一致，意即如主语是复数名词(或代词),谓语就用复数形式；如主语是单数名(代)词或不可数名词，谓语就用单数形式；(2)概念一致：指谓语是用单数还是复数，由主语所表达的意思(或概念)决定，而不受语法形式上的单复数限制；有时主语在语法形式上虽不是复数，但表达的却是复数概念，这时谓语动词就要用复数；反之，有时主语在语法形式上是复数,但表达的却是单数概念，这时谓语动词就要用单数形式。(3)就近一致：指谓语动词是用单数还是复数，取决于最靠近谓语的主语的数意即如最靠近谓语的主语是单数，谓语动词就用单数，反之即用复数。,(1)当主语之后有 as well as 引导的短语时(常被看做并列主语,但 实际不是)，其谓语的数与主语保持一致。【常见的这类词组 还有along with,together with,rather than,in addition to 等。】,I,together with my two sons,am watching the track&field competition.我和两个儿子，正在观看田径比赛。,Tobacco,along with alcohol,is taxed in most countries in the world.除了酒以外，烟草在世界上多数国家都要征税。,注：and 连接的两个名词如指的是同一个人、同一件事、同一概念等，通常只在第一个名词前加冠词 a/an 或 the，反之，则在两个名词前都要加冠词（如是不可数名词也可不加），其后的谓语需用复数形式。,Reading and writing are very important forlanguage learning.读写对语言学习很重要。,More EXAMPLES for Better Comprehension【更多的例句以助更好的理解】：1.Tom and Dick _(be)good friends.2.A singer and dancer _(be)present at the party.3.A dog and a cat never(stay)together peacefully.4.The soldier and writer _(be)talking to the students.5.Bread and butter _(taste)good.以下这类and连接的词组作主语时,后边的谓语常用单数形式：a needle and thread,fork and knife,a watch and chain,a coat and tie,truth and honesty,medical help and cure,are,is,stay,is,tastes,What to be done next is still under discussion.下一步干什么仍在讨论之中。,(4)用 and 连接两个单数名词作主语，前面有 no,each,every,many a 等修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。,语法一致,No teacher and no student in the classroom.教室里没有老师和学生。,Every pen and every book _(lay)on the desk already.桌子上已摆上了笔和书。,has been laid,is,Many a plant and many an animal in that country been studied by them.那个国家的许多动植物都被他们研究过。,has,More EXAMPLES for Better Comprehension【更多的例句以助更好的理解】：No bird and no beast _(be)seen in the bare island.Many a boy and many a girl _(have)made such a funny experiment.At Christmas each boy and each girl in that class _(be)given a present.Many a student in this class _(study)hard.,is,has,is,studies,语法一致,(5)each(one)of+复数代词，谓语动用单数；复数代词+each，谓语动词用复数。例句如下：,We each have something to say at the meeting.我们每人在会上都有些话要说。,Each one of us has his duty.我们每个人都有自己的职责。,They each work very hard at English now.他们每个人现在都在刻苦地学习英语。,语法一致,None of the money was ever recovered.那笔钱一个子儿也没收回来。,语法一致,（7）英语以-(e)s 结尾的名词中还包括一些由两个部分组成的物体名称，如 scissors(剪子),pincers/pliers(钳子),glasses(眼镜),suspenders(吊带裤),shorts(短裤),trousers(裤子)等。这类名词作主语时，如果前边不加 a pair of 等英语短语,通常被看作复数,后接复数谓语动词,反之谓语动词用单数。,More examples:1.Pincers/pliers(钳子)are needed for this job.2.Your glasses fit you well.(你的眼镜很适合你。)3.Scissors are very dangerous for children.(剪刀对于小孩很危险。)4.Suspenders are not my favorite.(我不喜欢吊带裤。)5.One pair of scissors isnt enough for that job.(要完成那项工作一把剪刀不够。)6.Ten pairs of pliers/pincers(钳子)are needed there.,语法一致,Mathematics is difficult to learn.数学很难学。,语法一致,An hour&a half(=One and a half hour)is enough for you to do that.一个半小时足够你做完那项工作了/那件事了。,语法一致,(10)“百分数（或分数）+of+可数名词单数或不可数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数形式；“百分数（或分数）+of+复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。例句：,Twenty percent of the workers in the factory _(be)women.(这个厂里百分之二十的工人是女工。)Altogether more than 70 percent of the surface of our planet _(be)covered by water.(总的来说，我们这个行星的表面有百分之七十为水覆盖。)Two thirds of the swampland(沼泽地)_(have)been reclaimed(开垦).Over sixty per cent of the city _(be)destroyed in the war.Thirty-five per cent of the doctors there _(be)women.,are,is,has,was,are/were,概念一致,在 all 用作主语指代人物时，一般被看作复数，谓语动词用复数；在其用来指代整个事件或情况时，一般被看作单数，谓语动词亦用单数。例句如下：1.All that I want _(be)a good English dictionary.2.All present _(be)silent.(所有出席的人都缄口不语。)3.All _(be)out of danger.4.All you can do in the future _(be)to work even harder in your English study.,对 all 用法的进一步解释与例句,is,were,were/are,is,概念一致,The old are taken better care of in town than in the country.城镇的老年人受到的照顾好于乡村。,The sick have been cured&the lost have been found.病人已被治愈,失踪的人已被找到。,The rich in that country have to pay more income tax(所得税).那个国家的富人得交更多的所得税。,概念一致,Bread and butter is my favorite for lunch.午餐我最喜欢吃面包抹黄油。,What he needs now is fork and knife.他现在所需的是刀和叉。,概念一致,概念一致,Ten minutes _(be)enough.One dollar and seventy eight cents _(be)what she has.Fifty miles _(be)not far by car.,is,is,is,就近一致,就近一致,neithernor,knows,A QUICK QUIZ【速测】Multiple choice:1.On the wall_ two large portraits.A.hangs B.hang C.hanged D.hanging2.“News of victories _ pouring in as our army advances,”the company commander said.A.keep B.keeps C.kept D.have kept3.There _ a lot of milk in the bottle.A.are B.is C.were D.has 4.Zhangs family _ rather big,with twelve people in all.A.is B.are C.being D.was5.Nobody but Jane and Mary _ the secret.A.know B.knows C.have known D.is known,6.All but one _ here just now.A.is B.was C.has been D.were 7.A library with five thousand books _ to the nation as a gift.A.is offered B.has offered C.are offered D.have offered,8.Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one exam after another.A.is B.are C.am D.be9.The number of people invited _ fifty,but a number of them _ absent for different reasons.A.were;was B.was;was C.was;were D.were;were 10.When and where to build the new factory _ yet.A.was not decided B.are not decided C.has not been decided D.have not been decided,概念细化、复习与更多练习 1.在陈述句中,如两个主语由 not onlybut also,or,eitheror,neithernor 等所连接，谓语动词与第二个主语保持一致；如陈述句改为疑问句，则句首助动词的数与其相邻主语的数相同。请比较如下例句：Either he or I _(be)to go there._(be)either you or he going to attend the meeting?Not only Jack but also his students invited to the New Year Party yesterday.Not only his students but also Jack invited to the New Year Party yesterday.not only his students but also Jack invited to the New Year Party yesterday?,am,Are,were,was,Were,2.通常只作复数用的集体名词 一些有生命的集体名词作主语时，谓语动词只能复数形式，常见的这类词有 police,people,folk(人们指某一种族、民族或具有某种共同生活方式普通民众。注：在美式英语中用作此意时，词尾要加-s),militia(民兵),youth(年轻人),cattle(牛),poultry(家禽)等;还有一些无生命的集体名词作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式，常见的这类词有poetry(诗歌),scenery(风景),clothing,machinery,jewellery(珠宝),furniture,merchandise(商品)等。例句：Domestic cattle(provide)us with milk,beef and hides.(2)The police(be)trying to catch the thief.,provide,are,(3)The merchandise _(have)arrived undamaged.(4)All the machinery in the factory _(be)made in China.另有一些集体名词用作主语时,如果被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数；如果所指为其中的成员，谓语用复数。常见的这类集体名词有 audience,committee,class(班级),crew(全体船员或机组人员),family,government,public(公众)等。试比较如下两组例句：My family _(be)a big family.My family _(be)listening to the radio.The class _(elect)its monitor.The class _(be),in general,very bright.(总体来说，这个班的学生都很聪明。),has,is,is,are,Has elected,are,3.以-s 结尾的政体和地理名称某些以-s 结尾的政体名称，如 the United States,the United Nations,the Netherlands 等,尽管带有复数词尾，但所表示的是单一政治实体,故作单数用。但若不是政体名，而是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称，通常作复数用。例如：(1)The West Indies,are commonly divided into two parts.(2)The Himalayas(喜马拉雅山脉)have a magnificent variety of plant and animal life.(3)The United Nations was established in 1945.(4)The Netherlands is another name of Holland.,4.在英语中还有一些以-s 结尾的名词如 minutes(记录),contents(内容;目录),arms(武器),clothes(衣服),fireworks(烟火),goods(货物),morals(道德,品行),remains(遗体),stairs(楼梯),suburbs(郊区),thanks(谢意),wages(工资)等,通常被看作复数,作主语时后接复数谓语动词。例如：(1)Clothes are generally expensive in Guangzhou.(2)My thanks also go to Prof.Ma for his timely help.(3)The suburbs in Beijing are very beautiful in the fall.(4)The contents of his suitcase are doubtful.(他手提箱里装的东西十分可疑。),5.凡是由-ings 结尾的名词,如 clippings(剪下来的东西),diggings(掘出的东西),earnings(收入),sweepings(扫拢的垃圾),filings(锉屑),lodgings(租住的房屋),surroundings(环境)等作主语时,通常被看作复数,后接复数谓语动词。例如：(1)The clippings of the trees are usually burnt.(2)The sweepings of the square have been buried(掩埋).(3)I think his earnings are not enough to support his family.(4)Beautiful surroundings are good for kids to grow up.,6.一些以-s 接尾的单复数同形的名词,如 works(工厂),headquarters(总部),means(方法、手段),species(种类),series(系列)等用作主语时，其谓语动词是用单数还是用复数形式，取决于这些名称是用作单数，还是用作复数。试比较如下两组例句：A headquarters was set up there to direct the operation(指挥作战).Their headquarters are/is in Paris.The only means to achieve success is to appeal to arms(诉诸武力).The quickest means to travel is by plane.,7.remains 用来指“遗体”作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式：(1)His remains lie in the churchyard.(他的遗体安葬在教堂墓地里。)(2)The martyrs remains were buried at the foot of the hill.(烈士的遗体被埋葬在山脚下。)但 remains 作“遗迹”或“剩余物”解释时，在不同的上下文中可看作复数或单数。请比较下列句子：(1)Here is the remains of a temple.(这是一座寺庙遗址。)(2)The remains of the meal were/was fed to the dog.(剩饭喂狗了。),8.如果 all of.,some of.,none of.,half of.,most of.等表示不确定数量的名词词组作主语,其后边的动词形式依据 of 之后名词的单复数而定（注：如 of 之后跟的是不可数名词，则谓语用单数形式）。例如：(1)Most of the money _(be)paid by his deputy(助手).(2)Most of the members _(be)there at that time.(3)All of the cargo _(be)lost.(4)All of the crew _(be)saved.(5)Some of their students _(do)not live on campus.,was,were,was,were,do,9.两数相减或相除，谓语动词用单数形式；两数相加或相乘，谓语动词用单数或复数形式皆可。例如：(1)Forty minus fifteen(40-15)leaves twenty-five.(2)Forty divided by eight(408)is five.(3)Seven and five(7+5)makes/make twelve.(4)Five times eight(58)is/are forty.,10.如果主语是由“a kind/sort/type of,this kind/sort/type of+(单数或不可数)名词”构成，动词用单数形式。例如：(1)This kind/sort/type of man annoys me.(这种人令我心烦。/这种人令人心烦。)(2)This kind/sort/type of pen writes very smoothly.但若主语是由 these/those+kinds/sorts/types of(注：这时的 kind/sort/type 必须变为复数形式,of 之后所跟的名词也必须是复数形式）结构充当，动词用复数形式。例如：(1)These kinds of men annoy me.(2)Those types/sorts/kinds of machines are up to date.(这些种类/类型的机器都是很先进的。)(3)These sorts/kinds/types of physical exercises are good for his health.(这些类型的体力训练有益于他的健康。),Most Fundamental E.Grammar Item Revision II【最基础英语语法项目 复习二】,英语动词第三人称单数的变化规则及发音规律:,动词，在英语众多词汇中堪称变脸的高手，遇到不同的人称、数和时态，它总会以不同的面孔登场。本节复习将重点向同学们介绍在一般现在时的句子中，当主语是第三人称单数时，英语动词的变化规则。在一般现在时的肯定句中，主语为第三人称单数的动词变化主要体现在词尾的变化上 其变化规则及发音规律与名词单数变为复数的规则和规律大致相同，请认真观察和比较：1.大多数动词在词尾加“-s”,在清辅音后读s，在浊辅音及元音后读z。如 stopstops 读作s;makemakes 读作s readreads 读作z;playplays 读作z,2.以辅音字母加“y”结尾的，要先将“y”变为“i”，然后再加“-es”，读作 iz。如：flyflies 读作z;carrycarries 读作z;trytries 读作z;studystudies 读作z;worryworries读作z3.以“s,x,ch,sh”结尾的，在词尾直接加“-es”，读作iz。如：kisskisses 读作iz;fixfixes 读作iz;teachteaches 读作iz;pushpushes 读作iz 4.以“o”结尾的动词，加“-es”，读作z。如：gogoes 读作z；dodoes 读作z但此时该词的元音要改读为【注】少数几个动词在变为第三人称单数后，原词的元音部分读音有较大变化，请注意记忆。最常用的有如下两个词：do du:does dz say seisays sez5.记住最为特别的be的第三人称单数用is，have的第三人称单数用has。,在英语一般现在时中，当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词 就要用第三人称单数形式,即通常在动词原形后加-s 或-es(如果是规则动词；对于不规则动词的变化形式要逐一学习 背记下一讲之后的最基础语法复习项目为不规则动词)。但有些同学对于哪些主语是第三人称单数还不十分清楚，现归纳总结如下：一、人称代词 he、she、it 是第三人称单数。例句：HelikeswatchingTV.他喜欢看电视。Shehaslunchattwelve.她十二点吃午餐。It lookslikeacat.它看起来像只猫。二、单个人名、地名或称呼作主语,是第三人称单数。例句：HanMeilookslikehermother.韩梅看起来像她的母亲。BeijingisinChina.北京在中国。Mr.Wangoftenmakescakes.王先生经常做蛋糕。,三、单数可数名词或“this/that/the+单数可数名词”作主语 时，是第三人称单数。例句：Ahorseisausefulanimal.马是有用的动物。Thisbookismine.这本书是我的。Thatcarisred.那辆小汽车是红色的。ThecatisLucys.这只猫是露茜的。四、不定代 词 someone,somebody,nobody,everything,something 等及指示代词 this,that作主语时，是第三人称单数。例句：Everyoneishere.大家到齐了。Thereissomethingwrongwiththewatch.这块手表有毛病。Thisisapen.这是一支钢笔。Thatisaneraser.那是一块橡皮擦。,五、不可数名词作主语时为第三人称单数。例句：Themilkisintheglass.牛奶在玻璃杯里。Thebreadisverysmall.面包很小。Spirit is sometimes more important than material.精神有时比物质更重要。Psychology has more to do with us nowadays.心理学当今与我们的联系更为密切。六、当数字或字母作主语时，被看作第三人称单数。例句：6isaluckynumber in China.在中国“6”是个吉利数字。“I”is a letter.“I”是个字母。,Goodbye!,