英语三级语法考点.ppt

CET-3语法考查点,by Ellen,主要考查点,比较级时态、语态&主谓一致非谓语动词情态动词 从句(名从、定从&状从)虚拟语气特殊句式及其结构固定搭配&词形转换.,1.1,比较级,1.1 比较级,A.构成单音节形容词的比较级以及以-ly,-er,-ow结尾的形容词在词尾加-er。如：darkdarker;quickquicker;clevercleverer2.以e结尾的形容词在词尾直接加-r构成。如：simplesimpler；quitequiter3.重读闭音节双写末位字母再加er。如：fatfatter；thinthinner4.多音节形容词，在其前加more构成。（多音节是指三个或三个音节以上）如:afraid more afraid;interestingmore interesting;pleasedmore pleased,5.以辅音字母加y结尾的，把y变i加er earlyearlier;funnyfunnier;easyeasier6.少数形容词的比较级是不规则的。good/wellbetter;bad/illworse;farfarther(表距离)/further(表抽象)；much/manymore;littleless；oldolder/elder（elder表示“前辈的”，“年纪较长的”，仅用于同一家庭成员的比较;older则不限于此）。,请试着说出以下词的比较级和最高级,原级 比较级 最高级,clear small narrow near late popular outgoing friendly big,clearersmallernarrowernearerlatermore popularmore outgoingfriendlierbigger,clearestsmallestnarrowestnearestlatestmost popularmost outgoingfriendliestbiggest,B.一般用法 1.表示比.更,用比较级形容词+than+比较成分,than后主词的述语动词往往省略,非正式用法的than后的人称代名词可用宾格。如：He is younger than I(am).他比我年轻。I am a better swimmer than he(him).我游泳比他好。2.表示较.低;不及.用less+原级形容词+than+比较成分。I am less young than he(is).我不比他年轻。,3.有少数以ior结尾的形容词,如inferior(次于),junior(年幼的;下级的),posterior(之后),prior(之前),senior(年长的,上级的),superior(优于)等本身就有比较的意思,常与介系词to连用。This method is superior to that one.这种方法优于那种方法。4.比较形容词可以被副词如a little(一点),much(得多),even(更加),still(更加),far(.的多)等修饰,但不可用very修饰。翻译:现在的生活相比二十年之前的生活简单得多了。Life is very easier than it was twenty years ago.Life is very much easier than it was twenty years ago.,1.1 比较级,(2011.6-35题)I tried to fix the computer myself,but that just made it(bad)_ than I had expected.,解析 本题考查被动语态的用法。空格前的he指的是主句中的the assistant，根据句意可以推断是史密斯先生要求助理上交会计报表，即助理是“被要求”的，因此，空格应为require的被动形式，即选项A。,答案 worse解析 本题考查形容词的比较级。空格后的than表明空格应为比较级，bad的比较级为worse。避错指南 形容词、副词比较级的不规则变化值得注意，例如：goodbetter(好)；badworse(差)；farfarther/further(远，程度深)；many/much more(多)；littleless(少)等。,1.1 比较级,(2011.6：20题)In order to improve your communication skills,we will show you how to learn _ about your customers than you know now.A.many B.much C.most D.more,D,1.2,时态、语态,1.八大基本时态,动词原形或三单形式,动词过去式,1.八大基本时态,will或shall do(原形),过去将来时几种结构表未曾实现的意图,was/were going to+动词原形；was/were to+动词原形；was/were about to+动词原形等结构都可表达当时一种未曾实现的意图或打算。如：The conference was going to be held the next month.会议下个月开。We were to have our class at eight.八点我们该上课了。I was about to tell him about it when Wu Dong got in.就在我要告诉他时，吴东进来了。,1.八大基本时态,be(is/am/are)+动词ing,be(was/were)+动词ing,1.八大基本时态,had+动词过去分词,have/has+动词过去分词,让现在完成时一目了然的词语:,1)since(自从)：不管用作介词、连词还是副词,句子(主句)谓语通常都用现在完成时：I havent seen her since last week.自上周以来我一直未见过她。Where have you been since I last saw?自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了?2)so far(到目前为止)：So far there has been no bad news.到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。We havent had any trouble so far.到目前为止，我们还没有遇到任何麻烦。,让现在完成时一目了然的词语:,3)up to until now(到现在为止)：Up to now,the work has been easy.到现在为止这工作还算容易。I have heard nothing from him up to now.到现在为止我还没有听到他一点音信。4)Its will be the first time that(第一次)：Its the first time Ive come here.这是我第一次来这儿。Dont forget,itll be the first time Ive spoken in public.别忘了，这是我第一次在公共场合发言。,让现在完成时一目了然的词语:,(5)in/for/during the past/last N years(在过去年中)：In the past two years Ive seen him little.过去两年我很少见到他。I have been here(for)the last past month.最近一个月里我都在这儿。【注】在一定的上下文里，若是以过去时间为起点，也可用过去完成时。,1.八大基本时态,had+动词过去分词,have/has+动词过去分词,过去完成时用法之表未曾实现的想法,过去完成时可表示过去未曾实现的想法和打算，通常连用的动词是 want,think,hope,plan,mean,expect,intend,suppose 等：I had meant to come,but something happened.我本想来，但有事就没有来。I had intended to speak,but time did not permit.我本想发言，但时间不允许。We had hoped that you would come to see us,but you didnt.我们本想你来看我们的，但你没有来。,真题回放,(11年12月A 17题)Now the air pollution in this city _ more and more serious with each passing day.A.to become B.became C.becoming D.is becoming(2010.5-17题)According to the time table,the train for Beijing _ at 9:10 P.m.from Monday to Friday.A)was leaving B)is leaving C)leaves D)has left注：一般现在时可以表预定的行为,D,C,(2011.12-19题)Since the new technology was introduced last month,we _ in speeding up production.A.succeed B.succeeded C.have succeeded D.will succeed,C,2.语态,(2011.6-24题)As he _ to submit the accounting report before 4:30 pro,the assistant hurried to Mr.Smiths office.A.was required B.had required C.requires D.required,解析 本题考查被动语态的用法。空格前的he指的是主句中的the assistant，根据句意可以推断是史密斯先生要求助理上交会计报表，即助理是“被要求”的，因此，空格应为require的被动形式，即选项A。,1.3,非谓语动词,1.3 非谓语动词,定义：在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫作非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式动名词，不定式和分词包括现在分词和过去分词）特点：1)非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。2)非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。3)非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。4)谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，它不受主语的人称和数的限制。5)英语中不能单独做句子的谓语。,1.3 非谓语动词,1.动词不定式动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。否定式：not+(to)do 以do为例，动词不定式的构成如下：A一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.e.g.We plan to pay a visit.我们计划去参观。e.g.The teacher ordered the work to be done.老师要求完成工作。,1.3 非谓语动词,B进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.男孩假装工作得很努力。He seems to be reading in his room.看起来他正在他的房间里面读书。C完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：I regretted having told a lie.我后悔我说谎了。I happened to have seen the film.我偶然看过这部电影。He is pleased to have met his friend.他很高兴能遇上他的朋友。,1.3 非谓语动词,接不定式的动词：afford，aim，agree，arrange，ask，decide bother，care，choose，demand，desire，determine，endeavor，hope，fail，help，learn long（渴望），mean，manage，offer，plan，pretend，refuse，tend，undertake，expect，hate，intend.,（2011年6月16题）I am very sorry _ you such a lot of trouble by the delayed shipment.A.caused B.causing C.to have caused D.to be caused,C,1.3 非谓语动词,(2010年6月24题）Generally,it takes courage for an aged person _ a new life in a strange country.A.beginning B.began C.to begin D.to have begun,C,不定式作定语：,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：动宾关系：I have a meeting to attend.我有一个会议要出席。注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：He found a good house to live in.他找到了一个居住的好房子。The child has nothing to worry about.这个孩子无忧无虑。,不定式作定语：,如果不定式修饰time,place,way，可以省略介词：如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：Have you got anything to send?你要送什么东西吗？Have you got anything to be sent?你有什么东西需要送吗？,He has no place to live.他无处安身。This is the best way to work out this problem.这是解决这个问题的最好办法。,不定式作定语：,说明所修饰名词的内容：We have made a plan to finish the work.我们制定了一个完成工作的计划。被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：He is the first to get here.他第一个来到这儿。,2.动名词,有些词后只能接动名词acknowledge;admit;advise;advocate;allow;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;it entails;escape;excuse;explain;fancy;feel like;finish;forgive;cant help;hinder;imagine;it involves;keep;it means;mention;mind;miss;it necessitates;pardon;postpone;practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;risk;suggest;understand.,有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可，如remember,forget,try,stop,go on,continue,stop,regret,cease,mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式，但意义截然不同。如：remember to do/doing：I remembered to post the letters.（指未来/过去未来将要做的动作）I remembered posting/having posted the letters.（我记得做过这个动作）forget与remember的用法类似。,regret的用法：I regret to inform you that（我很遗憾地通知你）I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.（为了“二十年前的离开”而遗憾。）try to（努力）与 try+ing（试验）：You really must try to overcome your shyness.Try practicing five hours a day.,不定式、分词、动名词作定语时的比较,A作前置定语现在分词、过去分词、动名词 可以作前置定语，而不定式不能作前置定语。如：a developing country,a developed country;boiling water，boiled water;building materials,a swimming pool;the sleeping boy,the coming new year。,不定式、分词、动名词作定语时的比较,辨异的方法很简单：现在分词具有主动、进行的特点，而过去分词则具有被动、完成的特点。e.g.a developing country=a country which is developing(发展中国家)；a developed country=a country which has developed（发达国家）；boiling water=water which is boiling(正在滚开的水);boiled water=water which has been boiled(已滚开过的水)。,不定式、分词、动名词作定语时的比较,现在分词和动名词同形，但作前置定语时，动名词表示所修饰的名词的用途，例如，building materials=materials for building;a swimming pool=a pool for swimming；而现在分词作前置定语时，表示所修饰的名词正在进行的动作，两者是逻辑上的主谓关系。例如，the sleeping boy=the boy who is sleeping;the coming new year=the new year that is coming。,不定式、分词、动名词作定语时的比较,B作后置定语不定式、现在分词、过去分词都能作作后置定语，而动名词不作后置定语。先看例句：The problem to be discussed at the meeting is very important.The problem discussed at the meeting is very important.The problem being discussed at the meeting is very important.,(不定式：未发生),(过去分词：被动、完成),(现在分词：主动、进行),不定式、分词、动名词作定语时的比较,辨析比较：上面例句分别用不定式、现在分词、过去分词作后置定语，是因为它们存在不同的情况：不定式作定语，表示动作正要进行（未发生）；现在分词作定语，表示动作正在进行（正在发生）；过去分词作定语，表示动作已完成（已发生）。据此，我们可以把上面的例句还原为定语从句作定语的句子：The problem to be discussed at the meeting is very important.=The problem(which is)to be discussed at the meeting is very important.,不定式、分词、动名词作定语时的比较,The problem discussed at the meeting is very important.=The problem(which was)discussed at the meeting is very important.The problem being discussed at the meeting is very important.=The problem(which is)being discussed at the meeting is very important.,真题回放,(10年6月21题）The proposal _ at the meeting now is of great importance to our department.A)being discussed B)to be discussing C)having discussed D)discussing,A,正在被讨论,将要被讨论,主动,主动,1.主语和谓语在哪里？2.主语proposal与横线上的词是什么逻辑关系？,主,(11年6月18题)If you turn to the right at the corner,youll find a path _ to the historical building.A.lead B.leading C.to lead D.leads,避错指南,非谓语动词有三种形式：现在分词(doing)，过去分词(done)和不定式(to do)。使用现在分词表明该动词与其修饰词(即其逻辑主语)构成“主动关系”；使用过去分词则表明动词与其修饰词(即其逻辑主语)构成被动关系。不定式与分词的区别主要体现在时态上，现在分词可用于强调动作“正在发生”，如：the falling leaves，(正在飘落的树叶)，过去分词可用于强调动作已“完成”，如：an injured man(受了伤的人)，而不定式则表明动作发生在“将来”，如：He is looking for a room to live in，(“他正在找房子住”，表示这个房子要在将来找到之后才能人住)。,1.4,三种从句,三大从句,A.定语从句（修饰先行词，相当于一个后置定语）B.名词性从句(主句从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)C.状语从句（时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、让步，等等）,1.4 从句 连接词的选用,A.定语从句 限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如 The house,which I bought last year,has a lovely garden.我去年买的的房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel,which I have read three times,is very touching.这本我已经读过三遍的小说很感人。,The house which/that/不填 I bought last year has a lovely garden.,人物人&物“谁的”,who(主格)/whom(宾格)that/whichthatwhose,只能用that的情况:,指物的先行词本身为不定代词few,little,all,much,something等或其前有形容词词性不定代词(my,your等)所修饰，关系代词只能用that。e.g.All that glitters is not gold.发光的不都是金子。指物的先行词前面有最高级、序数词、the only，the very，the same等修饰语时先行词至少有两个，关系代词既要指人又要指物时关系代词作表语(不管是指人还是指物)时e.g.Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.,介词+which,(10年6月-20题)Immigrants have to adapt themselves culturally and physically to the new surroundings _ they have move.A)on which B)by whichC)into whichD)from which,=where,why=for which,He refused to tell me the reason _ he was late.试比较：The reason _ he explained was very simple.他所解释的理由很简单。The reason that he missed the bus was not true.他误了车的理由不是真的。,先行词,定语从句,why,定语从句,物,which/that,同位语从句,同位语从句和定语从句如何判断？,B.名词性从句 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句同位语从句*,同位语从句和定语从句如何判断？,凡是同位语从句，皆可以改为“抽象名词(如the fact/news/idea/order/truth/thought/.)is/was that.”结构形式，而定语从句不能。(10年6月24题)There is no evidence【_ he was on the site of the murder.】A)where B)that C)which D)how改写?：The evidence is that he was on the site of the murder.,C.状语从句（9种）,重点：引导词时间状从:when,while,as,before,after,until,since,副词、名词短语等形式的引导词地点状从:where,wherever方式状从:as,as if/though等结果状从：so,so that,so/such.that.等原因状从：because,as,since,now that等目的状从：in order that,so that,in case,for fear that条件状从：if,unless,as/so long as,on condition that让步状从：though,even though/if,although,as,no matter+疑问词与疑问词-ever比较状从：as，than,真题回放,（11年6月第20题）_ I had a problem,I would talk with someone online to seek help.A.As if B.Just as C.Every time D.So far,避错指南 选项A(好像)和选项B(正如)都引导方式状语从句，不符合题目对句意的要求。选项D(迄今为止)不是连词，而是时间状语，而时间状语不可能用于连接主句和从句的。,真题回放,(11年12月16题)The manager said that there were two reasons _ our sales dropped sharply last year.A.because B.since C.why D.while(11年12月22题)People invest money in this company _ they believe it will make profits.A.though B.because C.unless D.until,C,C,真题回放,(11年12月23题)_ you choose to contact us,you can expect our efficient and helpful service.A.No sooner than B.Ever since C.No matter how D.Even though(10年6月18题)The new drug will not be put on the market _ it has proved safe on humans.A)if B)untilC)since D)when,1.5,虚拟语气,一、表示与现在事实相反的情况,从句：If 主语+过去时(Be动词用were)主句：主语+should/would/could/might+doeg：1If I were you,I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你）2If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you.如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道）,二、表示与过去事实相反的情况,从句：If 主语+had+done主句：主语+should/would/could/might+have donee.g.If I had got there earlier,I should/could have met her.如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。(事实：去晚了)e.g.If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake.如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话）e.g.She looked at me as if I had been a stranger.她看我的样子好像我是一个陌生人。（事实：我并非陌生人）,真题回放,（11年12月第25题）If we _ more time and money,we could have visited many more places.A.have B.had had C.have had D.could have,B,三、表示对将来情况的主观推测,主句：主语+would+do从句：if+主语+were to do if+主语+should/would/could/might+do if+主语+did（动词过去式）/weree.g.If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him.如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小）If there were a heavy snow next Sunday,we would not go skating.如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。（事实：下雪可能性很小）If she were to be here next Monday,I would tell her about the matter.（事实：来的可能性很小）,四、错综条件句,有时，虚拟条件句中，如果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作出相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。e.g.If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too.(如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了。)e.g.If they had informed us,we would not come here now.(如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。),四、错综条件句,从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。e.g.If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing.如果他今天有空的话，我们会已经派他去北京了。If he knew her,he would have greeted her.要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。,五、wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟语气,a、表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式 eg.I wish I had your brains.我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实：我根本比不上你)b、表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词：had+done eg.I wish I had known the truth of the matter.我希望我那时就知道这件事情的真相。(事实：那时还不知道）c、表示将来难以实现的愿望 谓语动词：should/would（情态动词）+动词原形eg.I wish I should have a chance again.我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。（事实：很难再有这样的机会了）,真题回放,（11年6月21题）Every Monday morning when I am in my small office,I wish I _ in a multi-national company.A.were working B.have worked C.am to work D.work,避错指南,动词wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语为过去时或过去进行时；若表示与过去事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用过去完成时或would/could have done；若表示将来不太可能实现的愿望，从句谓语用would/could do。,六、目的状语从句中虚拟语气,1、在for fear that,in case,lest引导的从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：should+do。并且 should能省略。例如：She examined the door again for fear that a thief(should)come in.她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。He started out earlier lest he(should)be late.他早早的就出发了以防迟到。,目的状语从句中虚拟语气,2、在so that,in order that 所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can/could/may/might/will/would/should+do。例如：He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer.他走近说话的人以便能听得更清楚。He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word.他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个字。,七、其他用法,1.句型：It is.that+主语从句，从句的谓语动词都要用 should+原型或只用动词原型。,e.g.Do you think it is necessary that he(should)not be sent to Lingbao.It is strange that such a person should be our friend.奇怪的是这样一个人会成为我们的朋友。lts a pity that Lucy(should)be so careless.露西如此粗心真是太可惜了。,2.虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中，表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：It is(high/about)time that+主语+动词的过去式/should+do（优先使用动词过去式），即从句用虚拟过去式。e.g.It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school.我该去学校接我的女儿了。e.g.It is high time you should go to work.你早该上班了。,3.一想要(desire)一宁愿(prefer)一坚持(insist)二命令(order,command)三建议(advise,suggest,propose/recommend)四要求(demand,require,request,ask)中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用：(should)+do。should可以省略。e.g.He suggested that we(should)take the teachers advice.