研究生英语下Unit.ppt

U8,Additional lnformation for the Teachers Reference,Text There Has Always Been Olympic Mischief,Warm-up Activities,Further Reading,Writing Skills,Additional Work,Warm-up Activities,1.Some people say money is spoiling the beauty of sports competitions and that the traditional virtues of courtesy and sportsmanship have been more or less lost.Others insist that money is not spoiling the game but making it even more spectacular.Which side do you take?2.Do you happen to know any case of trickery and dishonesty in sports?,Warm-up 1.1,Warm-up 1.2,3.A European coach was quoted as saying:“As long as you are still alive for the victory ceremony,you should get your reward.There is no room for ethics in sports anymore.”Do you agree with him?Do you think it possible for athletes to compete fiercely for victory while observing ethics and courtesy?,Erich Segal was born in Brooklyn,New York,the son of a rabbi.A talented Latin and Greek classicist,he attended Harvard University for undergraduate and graduate degrees,taught at Harvard and Princeton,and became professor of comparative literature at Yale University in 1967.A prolific writer,he is best known as author of the screenplay for Yellow Submarine,1968 motion picture hit by The Beatles,a British rock-n-roll group;and his novel Love Story,a New York Times No.1 bestseller,later translated into more than twenty languages worldwide.The motion picture version released in 1971 was the number one box,AIFTTR1.1,Additional lnformation for the Teachers Reference,1.Erich Segal(1937-),AIFTTR1.2,office attraction of that year.Two other of his bestsellers were The Class(1985)and Doctors(1988).,According to tradition,the Olympic games were first celebrated in the year 776 B.C.They were held in honour of Zeus of Olympia and were thus a religious festival.Whilst the athletes in the early stages of the Games were probably mainly from the leisured upper-classes and therefore may be defined as“amateurs”,there rapidly developed what can only be called professional athletes,for whom athletics competition was a career,and who made large amounts of money(or its equivalent)from their success in the different athletic games and competitions.We actually hear of Greek cities“poaching”athletes from other cities with promises of financial rewards.,AIFTTR2.1,2.the Olympic Games,AIFTTR2.2,The Olympic Games were what the Greeks called“crowned Games,ie.”there were no cash prizes or prizes in goods,but only a simple wreath of wild olive.Moreover,unlike the modern Games,only the winner was crowned,with no wreath being offered to second or third place-getters.But the financial and material rewards when the victorious athlete returned home were very great indeed and a secure and prosperous future awaited him.Moreover,apart from being idolised and made into popular heroes both at home and throughout the Hellenic world,many an athlete gained immortal fame by being made the subject of a victory-ode by famous poets.,Not all athletes lived up to the code of excellence.Some were discovered cheating in the games.In the past,only about one percent of athletes have tested positive for banned substances,and this number is generally considered only a fraction of those who use performance-enhancing drugs.However the matter of doping has reared its head and has been developing.Athletes know how to use these substances and avoid detection.The athletes have supporters who get them the latest drugs.There are also some latest ways to cheat:tattooing their drugs of choice under the skin,procuring the fourth generation of erythropoietin(EPO)or popping Viagra mixed with gulps of laughing gas.,AIFTTR3.1,3.Cheating in Olympics,4.Drug test,A drug test is commonly a technical examination of urine,blood,semen,sweat,or oral fluid samples to determine the presence or absence of specified drugs or their metabolized traces.There are several common types of drug tests including urine drug screen,hair drug testing,hair alcohol testing,saliva drug screen,sweat drug screen.The different types of drug tests are tested in very similar ways.Before testing the sample,the tamper-evident seal is checked for integrity.If the seal is damaged,the test will be rejected.There were no drug tests for Olympic athletes in the early years of our century.As drug testing is a matter of safety and fairness,so the IOC initiated the drug testing.,AIFTTR4.1,5.1984 By George Orwell,Nineteen Eighty-Four(also titled 1984),by George Orwell(the pen name of Eric Arthur Blair),is a 1949 English novel about life under a futuristic authoritarian regime in the year 1984.It is a chilling depiction of how the power of the state could come to dominate the lives of individuals through cultural conditioning.It tells the story of Winston Smith,a functionary at the Ministry of Truth,whose work consists of editing historical accounts to fit the governments policies.Smith is degraded and tortured after he is arrested by the Thought Police under the instruction of the totalitarian government of Oceania.,AIFTTR5.1,AIFTTR5.2,The book has been translated into sixty-two languages.It has major significance for its vision of an all-knowing government which uses pervasive and constant surveillance of the populace,insidious and blatant propaganda,and brutal control over its citizens.The book had a substantial impact both in literature and on the perception of public surveillance.,Text,There Has Always Been Olympic Mischief,Notes,Introduction to the Author and the Article,Phrases and Expressions,Exercises,Main Idea of the Text,Main Idea of the Text 1,Main Idea of the Text,In the text,Segals erudition in ancient Greek and Roman is tapped as he vividly makes the case that,contrary to assumption,the earliest Olympic games shared many of the imperfections decried about the modern ones,including the professionalization of amateur athletes,gambling,cheating,rowdiness,intimidation,commercialization,politicization,and even dosing with illegal,performance-enhancing drugs.,Erich Segal(1937-)was born in Brooklyn,New York,the son of a rabbi.A talented Latin and Greek classicist,he attended Harvard University for undergraduate and graduate degrees,taught at Harvard and Princeton,and became professor of comparative literature at Yale University in 1967.A prolific writer,he is best known as author of the screenplay for Yellow Submarine,1968 motion picture hit by The Beatles,a British rock-n-roll group;and his novel Love Story,a New York Times No.1 bestseller,later translated into more than twenty languages worldwide.The motion picture version released in 1971 was the number one box office attraction of that year.Two other of his bestsellers were The Class(1985)and Doctors(1988).,Introduction to the Author and the article1,Introduction to the Author and the Article,Introduction to the Author and the article2,There Has Always Been Olympic Mischief was first published in TV Guide magazine on July 28,1984.In it Segals erudition in ancient Greek and Roman is tapped as he vividly makes the case that,contrary to assumption,the earliest Olympic games shared many of the imperfections decried about the modern ones,including the professionalization of amateur athletes,gambling,cheating,rowdiness,intimidation,commercialization,politicization,and even dosing with illegal,performance-enhancing drugs.,Every four years,when the Olympics roll around again,journalists seem automatically to recycle those misty-eyed notions about“Good Old Days.”They eulogize the original Greek Games as being pure and uncommercial.If we believe what we read,every ancient competitor was an amateur,and all worshipped fair play.,Part2_T1,Erich Segal,There Has Always Been Olympic Mischief,Text,This is,of course,sheer nonsense.As Lord Byron quipped:“All times when old are good.”In fact,the mythology of a perfect Olympics is the modern invention of snobs and self-styled purists,perpetuated by sports writers and television commentators at a loss to fill air time.Here is the not-so-rosy truth.From as far back as Homers Iliad which portrays games of the 12th century B.C.Greek athletes cheated as a matter of course.Their entire ethic was based on winning by fair means or foul.Olympic boxers hit where they werent supposed to,and took bribes to take dives.Runners jumped the gun(to be precise,the Greeks used a trumpet),and they elbowed one another viciously on the curves.,Part2_T2,Part2_T3,The chariot racers were even more brutal,especially in the Games held under the Roman Empire.We have recorded cases of drivers stabbing rivals as their vehicles drove neck to neck.Perhaps most amazing of all,if it were later proved that,say,a boxer or a wrestler had dishonestly won through bribery he still didnt lose his title.Perhaps you are asking where the judges were.Oh,the Greeks had the usual referees,umpires,and so forth.But these arbiters were often susceptible to financial enticements and treats.And even if an honest judge was stationed at the turning post that the runners had to circle,he still had great difficulty in determining whose elbow was smashing into whose ribs,because the athletes didnt wear numbers.For that matter,they didnt wear uniforms either.Indeed,one real difference between the ancient and modern games was the fact that all the Greek athletes were obliged to compete in the nude.You might think that this bareness would have made it impossible to commercialize the ancient Games.After all,the stars couldnt be paid to wear anybodys track shoes or sweat shirts.That much is true,but we would be naive to think that the athletes were therefore“amateurs.”Then,as now,the Olympics meant big bucks(sorry,drachmas)for the champions.According to a recent book by Professor David Young of the University of California at Santa Barbara,the winner of the sprint could,in fact,expect to earn the ancient equivalent of several hundred thousand dollars!,Part2_T4,To begin with,there was the actual prize money.From at least the sixth century B.C.the Greeks openly gave cash awards for first place in the Olympics.After that there were huge fees that these newly crowned champions could demand for“personal appearances.”No,I am not being anachronistic.Promoters of minor track meets which were often held to advertise local products(!)would fork over plenty to have the hottest runners of the day merely show up.Whats more,the athletes were generally absolved by their home town from paying taxes and were given free meals for life.,Part2_T5,Thus,even in classical times,the Olympics were a highly commercial affair.And they were also highly political.There were ferocious rivalries among the various city-states,both from the mainland and the various Greek colonies,to have one of their own win a big title.I am not afraid to name names.The greatest sprinter in antiquity was a certain Astylos,who hailed from Crotona,a tiny Greek village in Italy.At the Games of 488 B.C.he dazzled all by winning both sprint events.Afterwards,Astylos was approached by some boys from Syracuse,then a rich and growing city in Sicily,who made him an offer he couldnt refuse.,Part2_T6,Part2_T7,They suggested that he change citizenship so he could run for their citys team in the next Olympics.The price was right.And the deal paid off.In the Games of both 484 and 480,he repeated his amazing double.But he entered the record books as Astylos of Syracuse.Which proves that money can buy anything,including Olympic champions.Lest I besmirch the name of a great athlete,let me hasten to say that I do not imply that Astylos really cheated.He simply accepted a lot of cash to move to a bigger base of operations.It happens all the time today with corporate executives.,Part2_T8,Let us conclude this iconoclastic survey of ancient misbehavior with two rather bizarre anecdotes.According to the authority of the great historian Plutarch,King Mithridates of Pontus(first century B.C.)poisoned the rival charioteer who dared to beat him in a race.And finally there was the multitalented emperor Nero.In A.D.67,he had the officials hold a special Games at Olympia in his honor.He lasted about twenty yards and fell off his chariot.But he was nonetheless declared the winner.In this instance,the judges were not bribed.They were simply scared.,When the Games were revived in 1896,all the ancient shenanigans were revived with them.And as time progressed,refinements were added.It almost goes without saying that the Greeks overwhelmed their countryman Spiridon Loues,the winner of the marathon,with numerous tangible rewards.(Some accounts say female spectators threw their jewels down to him on the track.)But let us quickly say he won fair and square.And yet when he crossed the finish line,he was a little“high”on more than joy having fortified himself along the road with swigs of sugared wine.,Part2_T9,Part2_T10,By contrast,the first marathoner to reach the stadium in the St.Louis Olympics in 1904 was one Fred Lorz of the United States.Just before President Teddy Roosevelts daughter was to give him his medal,it was discovered that Lorz had not,after all,gone the entire distance under his own steam.Having cramped up at about nine miles,he accepted a ride from a passing car.But the auto also cramped up a little later,and Lorz jumped out and jogged the rest of the way to the stadium,arriving well before the other racers.This“victory”is one of the lighter moments in the history of Olympic cheating.,More ominous is the fact that distance runners very quickly began taking stimulants.Strychnine was one of the earliest drugs used for this purpose.Indeed,T.J.Hicks,the athlete who actually got the marathon gold medal after Lorz was disqualified,had sustained himself en route with large quantities of brandy and small doses of strychnine.Though his physician was not secretive about it,Hicks got to keep his medal.Of course there were no drug tests for Olympic athletes in the early years of our century.Strychnine was again used by the runners in the 1908 London games during the famous marathon in which the Italian Dorando Pietri reached the stadium first and collapsed before he got to the tape.This time,Part2_T11,Part2_T12,one of the official doctors rushed over to give him a quick injection to help him finish.But the shot nearly finished Dorando,and he had to be taken to the hospital after being disqualified for not completing the race on his own.Since then,doctors have been hard at work trying to invent substances that would improve performance while escaping detection.This medical research may have helped performances but it has often harmed athletes.Tragic cases like that of Knud Jensen,a Danish cyclist in the 1960 Rome Games who collapsed and died from a combination of stimulants,spurred the international Olympic Committee to initiate drug testing.,Part2_T13,In 1976,Olympic cheating entered the Electronic Age.During the fencing event of the modern pentathlon,the light on the pe of the USSRs Boris Onischenko flashed to indicate that he had scored a hit again