心理学专业英语基础.ppt

ENGLISH FOR PSYCHOLOGY,Liu Yanlou,CONTENTS,CHAPTER ONE WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGYCHAPTER TWO RESEARCH METHODSCHAPTER THREE CONGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGYCHAPTER FOUR DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGYCHAPTER FIVE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGYCHAPTER SIX ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER SEVEN SKILLS OF READINGCHAPTER EIGHT SKILLS OF WRITING Abstract WritingWriting in Social SciencesWriting in Natural Sciences,READINGS,心理学专业英语基础心理学教育学专业英语改变心理学的40项研究（中文版，英文版）,RESOURCES,英语字典（牛津，朗文）现代英汉-汉英心理学词汇,Chapter 1,What is psychology?,What is psychology?,DEFINITIONSTHE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGYWHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY E FROMWHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTEDHOW DID PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOP,What is psychology?,1.DEFINITIONS:,The word Psychology is derived from two Greek roots:Psyche,meaning mind or soul and Logos,meaning study of.Psychology,therefore,literally means study of the mind.However,a more recent definition by Atkinson et al(1991)suggests that psychology is:The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes,What is psychology?,DEFINITIONS:,The word Psychology is derived from two Greek roots:Psyche,meaning mind or soul and Logos,meaning study of.,derive:派生,roots:词根,mind:心灵；精神,soul:灵魂；心灵；精神,心理学这个单词是由psyche和logos这两个希腊词派生出来的，psyche的意思是心灵或精神，logos的意思是对研究。,Psychology,therefore,literally means study of the mind.,therefore:因此,literally:根据字面意思,因此，从字面上来讲，心理的意思就是对于心灵(意识)的研究。,However,a more recent definition by Atkinsonet al(1991)suggests that psychology is:The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes,suggest:认为，建议，提议,然而，Atkinson（1991）等人提出了一个较新的定义，“心理学是对于行为与心理过程的科学研究”。心理学是研究行为和心理过程的科学。,Just giving this simple definition,however,is a bit misleading,since psychologists now and throughout their history have not only disagreed about the definition of psychology but have also strongly disagreed about what should be studied in the subject and how it should be studied.,然而，仅仅给出这样一个简单的定义，会有一点误导，因为无论是在历史上还是现在，心理学家不仅对于心理学的定义没有达成一致，而且对于在这个学科中应该研究什么以及应该如何研究也存在巨大的分歧。,subject:主题，科目,misleading:误导的，令人误解的，引入歧途,What is psychology？,2.THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY,标题内容,WHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY E FROM?Psychology developed from three main areas of study:,PHILOSOPHY,BIOLOGY,PHYSICS,Philosophy:哲学,Biology:生物学,Physics:物理学,心理学的来源？心理学是从三个主要的研究领域发展而来的：哲学、生物学、物理学。,Many of the problems which psychology has investigated were first most clearly outlined by Greek philosophers such as Socrates,Plato,and Aristotle in the 5th century BC.Two more rencent philosophical influences on the development of psychology as a science were:1 Empiricism-which argued that humans should only measure data that is objectively observable,such as behaviour.2 Positivism-which argued that the methods and principles of science should be applied to human behaviour.,PHILOSOPHY,PHILOSOPHY,Many of the problems which psychology has investigated were first most clearly outlined by Greek philosophers such as Socrates,Plato,and Aristotle in the 5th century BC.,investigate:调查，研究，探讨,outline:概述，提出的纲要,心理学研究的很多问题，是由希腊哲学家最先清晰提出（概要）的。比如说公元前5世纪的Socrates,Plato,and Aristotle等。,such as:像，诸如，例如用于举例,PHILOSOPHY,Two more recent philosophical influences on the development of psychology as a science were:1 Empiricism-which argued that humans should only measure data that is objectively observable,such as behaviour.2 Positivism-which argued that the methods and principles of science should be applied to human behaviour.,当今对于心理学作为科学的发展，对于它的两个哲学性影响是：1经验主义认为人们只能去测量可以客观观测的数据，比如说行为。2实证主义认为科学的原理的方法应该被应用于人类行为的研究中。,argue:认为，提出观点，辩论,TIPS：,empiricism:the belief in basing your ideas on practical experience.positivism：a kind of PHILOSOPHY that is based only on real facts which can be scientifically proved,rather than on ideas.,Biology has two important influences:1 Evolution-Darwins suggestion that humans have evolved from other animals.The discoveries in genetics that followed from his evolutionary theroy have had many important implications for the study and understanding of bahaviour.2 Physiology-the discoveries,mostly by the medical profession,of the structure and function of the brain,nervous,and endocrine system have significantly contributed to the understanding of behaviour.,BIOLOGY,1 Evolution-Darwins suggestion that humans have evolved from other animals.The discoveries in genetics that followed from his evolutionary theroy have had many important implications for the study and understanding of bahaviour.,suggestion:建议，意见，观点,进化论Darwin认为人类是从别的动物进化而来的。基因理论（遗传学）是由其理论发展而来的，在基因领域的发现，对于研究和理解行为有重大的影响。,implication:含义，影响，（可引申为意义）,Evolution:进化论,BIOLOGY,2 Physiology-the discoveries,mostly by the medical profession,of the structure and function of the brain,nervous,and endocrine system have significantly contributed to the understanding of behaviour.,physiology:生理学,medical profession:医疗职业,生理学领域尤其是医疗行业，对脑，神经，内分泌系统的结构和功能的发现，对于理解行为有重大的贡献。,endocrine system:内分泌系统,significantly:重大地，客观地,BIOLOGY,A subject that because of its great success has been adopted as the ideal model by scientist in psychology,who have borrowed its scientific methods and principles.Physicist,such as Fechner started applying their subject to huaman behaviour and experience(psychophysics)in the nineteenth century,with some success.,PHYSICS,A subject that because of its great success has been adopted as the ideal model by scientist in psychology,who have borrowed its scientific methods and principles.,由于这一学科的巨大成功，在心理学领域的许多科学家借鉴其科学方法和原则，将其作为理想模型。,PHYSICS,Physicist,such as Fechner started applying their subject to huaman behaviour and experience(psychophysics)in the nineteenth century,with some success.,物理学家，比如说Fechner在19世纪开始将其研究领域开拓到人类行为与经验（领域），取得了一些成功。Fechner在19世纪开创了针对人类的行为与经验的学科心理物理学，并取得了一些成功。,psychophysics:心理物理学,PHYSICS,WHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY E FROM?Psychology developed from three main areas of study:,PHILOSOPHY,BIOLOGY,PHYSICS,WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED?,WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED？,The date 1879 is usually said to be the start of psychology as a separate scientific discipline,since it was when Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig.,Wundt is,therefore,regarded as the“founding father”of psychology,although Americans tend to suggest that William James should have this honor since his 1890 book(which took 12 years to write)entitled Principle of Psychology was a major landmark in psychologys literature and he began teaching a course on the relationship between physiology and psychology at Harvard University in 1875.,WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED？,The date 1879 is usually said to be the start of psychology as a separate scientific discipline,since it was when Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig.,discipline:学科,Leipzig:莱比锡,1879年通常被认为是心理学作为一个独立的科学学科的开始时间，因为这时Wundt在Leipzig创建了第一个心理学实验室。,WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED？,Wundt is,therefore,regarded as the“founding father”of psychology,although Americans tend to suggest that William James should have this honor since his 1890 book(which took 12 years to write)entitled Principle of Psychology was a major landmark in psychologys literature and he began teaching a course on the relationship between physiology and psychology at Harvard University in 1875.,因此，Wundt被认为是心理学之父，但美国人倾向于认为应该是William James拥有这个荣誉。因为他在1890年出版了，用12年写成的心理学原理，这本书在心理学著作史上是一个重大的标志性事件。此外，James在1875年就开始在Harvard University教授一门关于生理学与心理学的关系的课程。,WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY STARTED？,StructuralismFunctionalismPsychoanalysisBehaviorismCognitive psychologyHumanistic approachBiological approach,心理学是如何发展的？结构主义、功能主义（机能主义）、精神分析、行为主义、认知心理学、人本主义、生物学研究方法（生理心理学）,approach:接近；方法；途径,HOW DID PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOP?,Structuralism-was the first approach to investigating psychology,pioneered by Wundt himself,who thought that the object of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind,and that it should be studied by introspection(looking inwards at ones own mental experience)in order to break it down into its ponent parts(such as images,sensations and feelings)like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals.,Structuralism,Structuralism,One structuralist,Titchener,claimed there were a total of 46,708 basic sensations that bined to form the structure of the human mind,but the approach was very limited in its ability to explain and was replaced by functionalism.,Structuralism,Structuralism-was the first approach to investigating psychology,pioneered by Wundt himself,who thought that the object of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind,and that it should be studied by introspection(looking inwards at ones own mental experience)in order to break it down into its ponent parts(such as images,sensations and feelings)like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals.,investigate:调查，研究,pioneered:倡导；作先驱,conscious:意识,introspection:内省,images:表象,sensation:感觉,feelings:情感,object:对象，客体,Structuralism,Structuralism-was the first approach to investigating psychology,pioneered by Wundt himself,who thought that the object of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind,and that it should be studied by introspection(looking inwards at ones own mental experience)in order to break it down into its ponent parts(such as images,sensations and feelings)like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals.,结构主义是第一个研究心理学的方法，是由冯特本人提出来的，他认为心理学的研究对象应该是意识，而且应该是用内省（向内探查自己的体验）的方法去研究，目的是将其分解为各个部分（比如说，表象，感觉，情感），就像化学家研究化学一样。,One structuralist,Titchener,claimed there were a total of 46,708 basic sensations that bined to form the structure of the human mind,but the approach was very limited in its ability to explain and was replaced by functionalism.,结构主义者之一，Tichener声称共有46078种基本的感觉，联合起来构成了人类意识的结构，但是这种方法在解释方面存在很大的局限，因此被功能主义取代了。,claimed:声称；宣称；断言,Structuralism,Functionalism-the approach William James advocated.James was influenced by Darwins views and argued that the workings of the mind are functional,to survive and adapt,so we should investigate what behavior and thought are for.Many of Jamess insights remain valid today,but functionalism was superseded by the next two very powerful approaches that both started around the turn of the century.,Functionalism,Functionalism,Functionalism-the approach William James advocated.James was influenced by Darwins views and argued that the workings of the mind are functional,to survive and adapt,so we should investigate what behavior and thought are for.,这种方法是由William James提出的。James受Darwin观点的影响，认为意识的工作方式是功能性的，也需要去生存与适应，因此，我们应该研究行为和思想的原因。,What for:为什么；为何目的,advocated:提倡，主张，拥护,Functionalism,Many of Jamess insights remain valid today,but functionalism was superseded by the next two very powerful approaches that both started around the turn of the century.,insight:眼光，洞察力,valid:有效的，有根据的；正当的,supersede:取代，代替,James的很多观点在今天看来仍然是有用的，但是功能主义却被始于世纪之交的两种更强大（有说服力）的方法取代了。,Psychoanalysis-was in fact a method of the therapy developed by Sigmund Freud in Austria,but in many major books,such as The interpretation of dreams(1900),Freud began describing in detail an underlying theory of the human mind and behavior that has had an enormous(and controversial)impact on psychology.Freud argued that the proper object of psychological investigation should be the unconscious mind,and that our behavior is determined by processes of which we are not aware.,Psychoanalysis,Psychoanalysis,Psychoanalysis-was in fact a method of the therapy developed by Sigmund Freud in Austria,but in many major books,such as The interpretation of dreams(1900),Freud began describing in detail an underlying theory of the human mind and behavior that has had an enormous(and controversial)impact on psychology.,精神分析理论实际上是由奥地利Sigmund Freud发展出来的一种治疗方法，但是在他很多主要的书中，例如梦的解析（1900），Freud开始详细描述一个关于人类思想与行为的隐含的理论，对于心理学产生了重大的（并且是有争议的）影响。,Therapy：治疗，疗法,Underlying：隐含的，潜在的，基本的,Psychoanalysis,Freud argued that the proper object of psychological investigation should be the unconscious mind,and that our behavior is determined by processes of which we are not aware.,Freud认为心理学的研究对象应该是无意识，我们的行为是由我们没有意识到的心理过程所决定的。,unconscious mind：无意识，潜意识,Behaviorism-Behaviorists,such as John Waston,were extremely critical of all the approaches that concerned themselves with“mind”,and proposed that psychology should only investigate observable behavior if it want to be an objective science.This approach dominated experimental psychology until the 1950s,when a strong resurgence of interest in the“mind”developed in the form of cognitive and the humanistic approaches,which suggested that behaviorism ignored all the most important and interesting things that go on in our heads.,Behaviorism,Behaviorism,Behaviorism-Behaviorists,such as John Waston,were extremely critical of all the approaches that concerned themselves with“mind”,and proposed that psychology should only investigate observable behavior if it want to be an objective science.,concern oneself with：研究的对象是.,行为主义者，像John Waston，对所有以意识为研究对象的方法极为不满，并且认为心理学如果想成为一门客观的科学，就应该研究可以观测的行为。,objective：客观的,Cognitive psychology-aims to investigate the mind by using puter information processing ideas to arrive at testable models of how the brain works,and then applying scientific methods to confirm these models.The cognitive approach has enjoyed much success and is a very dominant one in psychology today.,认知心理学，目的是用计算机信息处理方式的观点去研究意识，建立起可验证的关于脑是如何工作的模型，然后利用科学的方法去证实这些模型。认知的方法取得了很多成功，是在当今心理学中占主导地位的研究方法之一。,Testable：可验证的,Cognitive psychology,The Humanistic approach,however,has had less of an impact on psychology,since it has deliberately adopted a less scientific view of the human mind by arguing that psychology should focus on each individuals conscious experience and aims in life.,人本主义的研究方法，对于心理学的影响较小，主要是因为对于人类意识它故意采取了不怎么科学的观点，认为心理学应该关注于每个个体在生活中的的意识经验和目标。,Humanistic approach,The Biological approach has advanced evolutionary,physiological,and genetic explanations for human behavior throughout the history of psychology.,生物学的研究方法在心理学的历史上，生理心理学则发展了关于人类行为的进化的、生理的和基因的观点。,Biological approach,Chapter 2,RESEARCH METHODS,Variables,WHAT DO PSYCHOLOGISTS INVESTIGATE?,VARIABLESA variables is any object,quality or event that changes or varies in some way.Examples include:aggression,intelligence,time,height,amount of alcohol,driving ability,attraction.,OPERATIONALISATIONMany of the variables that psychologists are interested in are abstract concepts,such as aggression or intelligence.Operationalisation refers to the process of making variables physically measurable or testable.This is done in psychology by recording some aspect of observable behavior that is assumed to be indicate of the variable under consideration.,For example:Aggression-a psychologist may record the number of punches thrown.Intelligence a psychologist may record the number of puzzles solved in an hour,or calculate the score on an IQ test.Reification(regarding hypothetical variables like intelligence as having a real physical existence)is a danger,however.,Variables,OBSERVATION,CASE STUDIES,SURVEYS,ETC.In these methods variable are precisely measured in varying amounts of detail.,CORRELATIONSVariables are measured and pared to see how they co-vary with each other(what relationship they have together).,EXPERIMENTS,Variables,WHAT DO PSYCHOLOGISTS INVESTIGATE?,VARIABLES