心理学专业英语基础1-2章.ppt

心理学专业英语English for Psychology,1,上课时间：118周补课（13周）每周四下午56节10月6日，国庆节假期平时成绩：30%期末考试时间：1月713日,2,课程目的 Aims,To improve reading and listening skills提升读、听技能To enlarge vocabulary of psychology扩大心理学词汇量To foster basic translation skills提升基础的翻译技能To broaden knowledge of the cultures and societies of the world扩展关于世界各文化、社会的知识,3,推荐阅读 Reading,4,心理学专业英语基础（图示教程）Advanced Psychology through Diagrams,推荐阅读 Reading,改变心理学的40项研究（中文版，英文版）Forty Studies that Changed Psychology,5,推荐阅读 Reading,心理学与生活（中文版，英文版）Psychology and Life,6,参考 Resources,常用英语字典牛津朗文,7,参考 Resources,现代英汉-汉英心理学词汇,8,参考 Resources,CNKI 翻译助手,9,CHAPTER 1What is Psychology?,10,What is Psychology?,DefinitionsThe history of psychologyWhere did psychology come from?When did psychology started?How did psychology develop?,11,Definitions,1.DEFINITIONS:The word Psychology is derived from two Greek roots:Psyche,meaning mind or soul and Logos,meaning study of.心理学这个单词是由psyche和logos这两个希腊词派生出来的，psyche的意思是心灵或精神，logos的意思是对研究。,12,derive:派生,roots:词根,mind:心灵；精神,soul:灵魂；心灵；精神,Definitions,Psychology,therefore,literally means study of the mind.因此，从字面上来讲，心理的意思就是对于心灵（意识）的研究。,13,therefore:因此,literally:根据字面意思,Definitions,However,a more recent definition by Atkinson et al(1991)suggests that psychology is:The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes然而，Atkinson（1991）等人提出了一个较新的定义，“心理学是对于行为与心理过程的科学研究”。心理学是研究行为和心理过程的科学。,14,suggest:认为，建议，提议,Definitions,Just giving this simple definition,however,is a bit misleading,since psychologists now and throughout their history have not only disagreed about the definition of psychology but have also strongly disagreed about what should be studied in the subject and how it should be studied.,15,Definitions,然而，仅仅给出这样一个简单的定义，会有一点误导，因为无论是在历史上还是现在，心理学家不仅对于心理学的定义没有达成一致，而且对于在这个学科中应该研究什么以及应该如何研究也存在巨大的分歧。,16,subject:主题，科目,misleading:误导的，令人误解的，引入歧途,The history of psychology,2.THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGYWhere did psychology come from?When did psychology started?How did psychology develop?,17,Where did psychology come from?,心理学的起源？心理学是从三个主要的研究领域发展而来的：哲学、生物学、物理学。,18,WHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY COME FROM?Psychology developed from three main areas of study:,PHILOSOPHY,BIOLOGY,PHYSICS,Philosophy:哲学,Biology:生物学,Physics:物理学,PHILOSOPHY,Many of the problems which psychology has investigated were first most clearly outlined by Greek philosophers such as Socrates,Plato,and Aristotle in the 5th century BC.心理学研究的很多问题，是由希腊哲学家最先清晰提出（概要）的。比如说公元前5世纪的Socrates,Plato,Aristotle等。,19,investigate:调查，研究，探讨,outline:概述，提出的纲要,such as:像，诸如，例如用于举例,PHILOSOPHY,Two more recent philosophical influences on the development of psychology as a science were:1.Empiricism-which argued that humans should only measure data that is objectively observable,such as behaviour.2.Positivism-which argued that the methods and principles of science should be applied to human behaviour.,20,PHILOSOPHY,当今对于心理学作为科学的发展，对于它的两个哲学性影响是：1.经验主义认为人们只能去测量可以客观观测的数据，比如说行为。2.实证主义认为（自然）科学的原理的方法应该被应用于人类行为的研究中。,21,argue:认为，提出观点，辩论,BIOLOGY,Biology has two important influences:生物学对于心理学学科发展有着两方面的重要影响。,22,BIOLOGY,1.Evolution-Darwins suggestion that humans have evolved from other animals.The discoveries in genetics that followed from his evolutionary theroy have had many important implications for the study and understanding of bahaviour.,23,BIOLOGY,1.进化论Darwin认为人类是从别的动物进化而来的。基因理论（遗传学）是由其理论发展而来的，在基因领域的发现，对于研究和理解行为有重大的影响。,24,suggestion:建议，意见，观点,implication:含义，影响，（可引申为意义）,Evolution:进化论,BIOLOGY,2.Physiology-the discoveries,mostly by the medical profession,of the structure and function of the brain,nervous,and endocrine system have significantly contributed to the understanding of behaviour.,25,BIOLOGY,2.生理学领域，尤其是医疗行业，对脑，神经，内分泌系统的结构和功能的发现，对于理解行为有重大的贡献。,26,physiology:生理学,medical profession:医疗职业,endocrine system:内分泌系统,significantly:重大地，客观地,PHYSICS,Physicist,such as Fechner started applying their subject to huaman behaviour and experience(psychophysics)in the nineteenth century,with some success.物理学家，比如说Fechner在19世纪开始将其研究领域开拓到人类行为与经验（领域），取得了一些成功。Fechner在19世纪开创了针对人类的行为与经验的学科心理物理学，并取得了一些成功。,27,psychophysics:心理物理学,When did psychology started?,The date 1879 is usually said to be the start of psychology as a separate scientific discipline,since it was when Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig.1879年通常被认为是心理学作为一个独立的科学学科的开始时间，因为这时Wundt在Leipzig创建了第一个心理学实验室。,28,discipline:学科,Leipzig:莱比锡,When did psychology started?,Wundt is,therefore,regarded as the“founding father”of psychology,although Americans tend to suggest that William James should have this honor since his 1890 book(which took 12 years to write)entitled Principle of Psychology was a major landmark in psychologys literature and he began teaching a course on the relationship between physiology and psychology at Harvard University in 1875.,29,When did psychology started?,因此，Wundt被认为是心理学之父，但美国人倾向于认为应该是William James拥有这个荣誉。因为他在1890年出版了，用12年写成的心理学原理，这本书在心理学著作史上是一个重大的标志性事件。此外，James在1875年就开始在Harvard University（哈佛大学）教授一门关于生理学与心理学的关系的课程。,30,StructuralismFunctionalismPsychoanalysisBehaviorismCognitive psychologyHumanistic approachBiological approach,心理学是如何发展的？结构主义、功能主义（机能主义）、精神分析、行为主义、认知心理学、人本主义、生物学研究方法（生理心理学）,approach:接近；方法；途径,HOW DID PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOP?,Structuralism,Structuralism-was the first approach to investigating psychology,pioneered by Wundt himself,who thought that the object of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind,and that it should be studied by introspection(looking inwards at ones own mental experience)in order to break it down into its component parts(such as images,sensations and feelings)like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals.,investigate:调查，研究,pioneered:倡导；作先驱,conscious:意识,introspection:内省,images:表象,sensation:感觉,feelings:情感,object:对象，客体,Structuralism,Structuralism-was the first approach to investigating psychology,pioneered by Wundt himself,who thought that the object of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind,and that it should be studied by introspection(looking inwards at ones own mental experience)in order to break it down into its component parts(such as images,sensations and feelings)like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals.,结构主义是第一个研究心理学的方法，是由冯特本人提出来的，他认为心理学的研究对象应该是意识，而且应该是用内省（向内探查自己的体验）的方法去研究，目的是将其分解为各个部分（比如说，表象，感觉，情感），就像化学科学研究化学品一样。,One structuralist,Titchener,claimed there were a total of 46,708 basic sensations that combined to form the structure of the human mind,but the approach was very limited in its ability to explain and was replaced by functionalism.,结构主义者之一，Tichener声称共有46078种基本的感觉，联合起来构成了人类意识的结构，但是这种方法在解释方面存在很大的局限，因此被功能主义取代了。,claimed:声称；宣称；断言,Structuralism,Functionalism,Functionalism-the approach William James advocated.James was influenced by Darwins views and argued that the workings of the mind are functional,to survive and adapt,so we should investigate what behavior and thought are for.,这种方法是由William James提出的。James受Darwin观点的影响，认为意识的工作方式是功能性的，是为了生存与适应，因此，我们应该研究行为和思想的原因。,What for:为什么；为何目的,advocated:提倡，主张，拥护,Functionalism,Many of Jamess insights remain valid today,but functionalism was superseded by the next two very powerful approaches that both started around the turn of the century.,insight:眼光，洞察力,valid:有效的，有根据的；正当的,supersede:取代，代替,James的很多观点在今天看来仍然是有用的，但是功能主义却被始于世纪之交的两种更强大（有说服力）的方法取代了。,Psychoanalysis,Psychoanalysis-was in fact a method of the therapy developed by Sigmund Freud in Austria,but in many major books,such as The interpretation of dreams(1900),Freud began describing in detail an underlying theory of the human mind and behavior that has had an enormous(and controversial)impact on psychology.,精神分析理论实际上是由奥地利Sigmund Freud发展出来的一种治疗方法，但是在他很多主要的书中，例如梦的解析（1900），Freud开始详细描述一个关于人类思想与行为的隐含的理论，对于心理学产生了重大的（并且是有争议的）影响。,Therapy：治疗，疗法,Underlying：隐含的，潜在的，基本的,Psychoanalysis,Freud argued that the proper object of psychological investigation should be the unconscious mind,and that our behavior is determined by processes of which we are not aware.,Freud认为心理学的研究对象应该是无意识，我们的行为是由我们没有意识到的心理过程所决定的。,unconscious mind：无意识，潜意识,Behaviorism,Behaviorism-Behaviorists,such as John Waston,were extremely critical of all the approaches that concerned themselves with“mind”,and proposed that psychology should only investigate observable behavior if it want to be an objective science.,concern oneself with：研究的对象是.,行为主义者，像John Waston，对所有以意识为研究对象的方法极为不满，并且认为心理学如果想成为一门客观的科学，就应该研究可以观测的行为。,objective：客观的,Cognitive psychology-aims to investigate the mind by using computer information processing ideas to arrive at testable models of how the brain works,and then applying scientific methods to confirm these models.The cognitive approach has enjoyed much success and is a very dominant one in psychology today.,认知心理学，目的是用计算机信息处理方式的观点去研究意识，建立起可验证的关于脑是如何工作的模型，然后利用科学的方法去证实这些模型。认知的方法取得了很多成功，是在当今心理学中占主导地位的研究方法之一。,Testable：可验证的,Cognitive psychology,The Humanistic approach,however,has had less of an impact on psychology,since it has deliberately adopted a less scientific view of the human mind by arguing that psychology should focus on each individuals conscious experience and aims in life.,人本主义的研究方法，对于心理学的影响较小，主要是因为对于人类意识它故意采取了不怎么科学的观点，认为心理学应该关注于每个个体在生活中的的意识经验和目标。,Humanistic approach,The Biological approach has advanced evolutionary,physiological,and genetic explanations for human behavior throughout the history of psychology.,生物学的研究方法在心理学的历史上，生理心理学则发展了关于人类行为的进化的、生理的和基因的观点。,Biological approach,Chapter 2RESEARCH METHODS,Variables,WHAT DO PSYCHOLOGISTS INVESTIGATE?,VARIABLESA variables is any object,quality or event that changes or varies in some way.Examples include:aggression,intelligence,time,height,amount of alcohol,driving ability,attraction.,变量是指以某种方式改变或变化的对象、质量或事件。例子包括：攻击性，智力，时间，高度，酒精含量，驾驶能力，吸引力等。,Variables,OPERATIONALISATIONMany of the variables that psychologists are interested in are abstract concepts,such as aggression or intelligence.Operationalisation refers to the process of making variables physically measurable or testable.This is done in psychology by recording some aspect of observable behavior that is assumed to be indicate of the variable under consideration.,许多心理学家感兴趣的是一些抽象的概念，比如攻击性和智力。操作化是指使变量变成物理上可测量或可验证的过程。在心理学上，这一过程的实施是通过记录一些可观察的行为来完成的，这些行为被假定为是我们所考虑的研究变量的指标。,For example:Aggression-a psychologist may record the number of punches thrown.Intelligence a psychologist may record the number of puzzles solved in an hour,or calculate the score on an IQ test.Reification(regarding hypothetical variables like intelligence as having a real physical existence)is a danger,however.,Variables,比如说：攻击性可记录为击拳的次数。智力可记录为在一个小时内解决的问题数量或计算智力测验的得分。然而，具体化（指将诸如智力之类假设性的变量看成真实的物质上的存在）是危险的。,Variables,OBSERVATION,CASE STUDIES,SURVEYS,ETC.In these methods variable are precisely measured in varying amounts of detail.,CORRELATIONSVariables are measured and compared to see how they co-vary with each other(what relationship they have together).,EXPERIMENTS,观察，个案研究，调查等等这些方法能从大量事实中准确地测量出变量。,相关将测量到的变量相比较，以发现彼此之间如何共同变化（它们之间有何关系）。,实验,One variable(the independent variable)is altered to see what effect it has on another variable(the dependent variable).The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated in two or more conditions to see what effect it has on the dependent variable.The dependent variable is the main measured outcome of the experiment,hopefully due to the manipulation of the independent variable.,EXPERIMENTS,改变一个变量（自变量），观察它对另一个变量（因变量）有什么影响。自变量是指在两个或两个以上的条件下对其进行操控，以发现对因变量有什么影响的变量。因变量是指实验当中主要测量的结果，期望（其变化）是由于对自变量的操控引起的。,For example,the independent variable(IV)of alcohol could be manipulated to see what effect it had on the dependent variable(DV)of driving ability by testing in two conditions,one with no alcohol and the other with four pints of lager.However,many extraneous variables(other variables that could potentially influence the dependent variable apart from the independent variable),could spoil the experiment and so controls are employed to prevent extraneous variables from becoming confounding variables(those that actually affect the dependent variable strongly enough to distort the effect of the independent variable).,EXPERIMENTS,比如说，我们可以操纵（控制）酒精这个自变量，通过观测它的两个条件：一个是没有喝酒，另外一个是喝了4品脱的啤酒，分别对因变量驾驶能力的影响。然而，许多额外变量（除了自变量外，那些对于因变量有潜在影响的变量）可能会干扰实验，因此，需要用控制的方法来预防额外变量变成混淆变量（那些实际上对于因变量有足够大影响的，以至于可以歪曲自变量影响的变量）。,Extraneous variables can be either random(unsystematic variables that can affect the dependent variable but should not affect one condition more than another)or constant(those that have a systematic effect on one condition more than another).While random errors will reduce the accuracy of the results,only constant errors usually truly confound the experimental results.,EXPERIMENTS,额外变量可能是随机的（非系统化的，可以在多种条件下影响因变量的变量），也可能是恒定的（那些与其他条件相比，在单一条件下，对于因变量有系统影响的变量）。随机误差可能会减少结果的精确度，只有恒定误差经常真正的混淆实验结果。,Hypotheses,How do psychologists make their predictions?,Experimental hypothesesCorrelational hypotheses,Hypothesesare precise,testable statements,Bold Precise Refutable1,They should be,They can be,refutable refjutbl adj.可驳倒的；容易驳倒的,Hypotheses,How do psychologists make their predictions?,Experimental hypothesesCorrelational hypotheses,Hypothesesare precise,testable statements,Bold Precise Refutable,They should be,They can be,假设是精确的、可验证的陈述,轮廓清晰的、精确的、可证伪的,实验假设相关性假设,Bold2-tailed hypotheses simply predict an effect,such as a difference or correlation.1-tailed hypotheses predict a particular direction in the effect,e.g.that one condition will do better than another,or that a positive correlation will occur.,轮廓清晰的双侧假设只是简单地预测一个效应，例如差异或者相关。单侧假设预测这个效应的方向，例如某一种条件比另一种条件要好，或者正相关。,Hypotheses,PrecisePrecise hypotheses should contain fully operationalised variables and the words“statistically significant”if inferential statistics are to be conducted on the results.,精确的如果分析结果时使用推论统计，那么精确的假设应该包含完全可操作的变量，以及“统计显著”这样的字眼。,Hypotheses,Hypotheses,RefutableTo be scientific every hypothesis should be capable of being shown to be wrong.For this reason a null hypothesis is proposed that states that there will be no significant effect(either difference or correlation).Sometimes,however,it is the null hypothesis which researchers wish to study.,可证伪的为了保证科学性，每个假设都应该可以被证伪。因此，需要提出一个认为没有效应出现（或者没有区别、没有相关）的零假设。虽然有时候研究者们想要研究的是零假设。,Experimental hypothesesPredict significant differences in the dependent variable between the conditions of the independent variable.,Hypotheses,Correlational hypothesesPredict significant patterns of relationship between two or more variables.,实验假设预测不同自变量条件下的因变量之间存在差异。,相关性假设预测两个或者更多变量之间存在的显著的关系模式。,Hypotheses,e.g.,The word identification would be interfered more for characters with a larger degree rotation,which would showed longer lexical decision reaction.Main effect of degree of rotation.,Hypotheses,e.g.,Hypotheses?,HOW DO PSYCHOLOGISTS INVESTIGATE THEIR HYPOTHESES?,Experimental methods,EXPERIMENTSAn experiment involves the manipulation of the independent variable to see what effect it has on the dependent variable,while attempting to control the influence of all other extraneous variables.,心理学家是如何来研究他们假设的实验一个实验包括操纵自变量，观察它对因变量的影响，同时去尝试控制其他所有额外变量的影响。,HOW DO PSYCHOLOGIS