学术英语(社科)-Unit.ppt

学术英语 社科,Academic English for Social Sciences,8,Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart PowerPeople often associate power of a nation with military might or economic strength.Is there something more to the concept ofpower?The answer is in the affirmative,at least to some who study political science.This unit explores the complex nature of power and how it impacts international relations.,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Unit Contents,Text A,Text B,Listening,Speaking,Lead-in,Writing,Text C,Lead-in,Lead-in task,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Lead-in,Task Work in groups of 3-4.Read the definition of the following expression.,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,carrot and stick/carrot or stick:an idiom about power,figuratively(比喻地)used to refer to a policy of offering a combination of rewards and punishment to inducebehaviorBrainstorm and write down what you associate with power.Example:Power is money./Power is like the sun.Power is(like)_.Now read Text A to see how the authors describe power.,Text A,Critical reading and thinking Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose,Specialized vocabulary Collocations Signpost language Formal English,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text AnalysisIn Text A the authors explain the complex nature of power from the perspective of political science.,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis,Definition of power:Power is the term used to represent the sum of a countrys capabilities.(Para.2)Forms of power:1)tangible power:military muscle,wealth,etc.2)intangible power:national willpower,diplomatic skills,etc.,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis,Characteristics of power:1.Asset vs.goal1)Power is an asset that can be applied to help countries achieve goals.Analogy between power and moneyPower is akin to money.Money buys things;power causes things to happen.Power is less liquid than money.Power has no standard measurement.,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis,Analogy between money and powerWe all expend money as an asset;We also seek to acquire money and to build up a reserve against both anticipated needs and contingencies.,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,2)Power is also a goal as countries seek,acquire,or preserve sufficient power to pursue their national goals.,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis,Debate:The duality of power as an asset and a goal creates a debate over whether more is always better.1)some peoples view Countries can become fixated on acquiring power,esp.military power.2)critics viewIt is unwise because power is expensive.It spawns insecurity in others.3)realists viewThe real danger is unwise use of the power you have by wasting it on marginal goals.,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis,2.Hard power vs.soft power1)Hard powerDefinition:the ability to make someone else do something or suffer the consequencesCharacteristics:negative incentives(threats,sticks)positive incentives(inducement,carrots),Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis,2.Hard power vs.soft power2)Soft powerDefinition:the ability to persuade others to follow your lead by being an attractive example.Debate:Which one is more desirable?,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,View 1:Hard power is more desirable Reasons:Hard power is easier to appreciate as it is easier to see that certain coercive measures or positive incentives have been used and to observe the result.Countries follow other countries lead because they share the same interests,not because of altruistic sentiments such as admiration.,View 2:Soft power can be potent point.,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text A,Difficult sentences,Because power could be regarded both as an asset and as a goal,this two facets of it cause people to argue if more is always better.,The duality of power as an asset and a goal creates a debate over whether more is always better.(Para.5),Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text A,Difficult sentences,Some people believe that countries can become fixated on acquiring power,especially military power,beyond what is prudently needed to meet possible exigencies.(Para.5),Some people believe that countries could become so obsessed with power,especially military power,that they embark on an infinite journey to acquire power that is more than exigencies would require.,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text A,Difficult sentences,President Bush,who in 2002 professed his“respect for the values,judgment,and interests of our friends and partners”,but who also asserted,“We will be prepared to act apart”if necessary and“will not allow disagreements with allies to obscure our determination to secure our fundamental interests and values.”(Para.9),In 2002,President Bush declared that he respected the values,judgment,and interests of their friends and partners,but he believed that Americans would not allow their allies to prevent Americans from protecting their own interests and values.,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text A,Group discussion,Form groups of 4-5 and have a discussion about the soft power the following countries have:1)the U.S.2)The U.K.3)China,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Specialized vocabulary,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Define the following termsbalance of powersoft powerpower capacityhard powerrealistsrealpolitikcoercive diplomacynational willpower,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Collocations,Text A,English language for academic purpose,human natureremain at the heart ofbe akin toa case in pointpositive/negative incentivesin declinea kiss of deathmake concessionsbe skeptical of,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Signpost language,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Summarizing/Concluding some expressions may be used to summarize or conclude talks or writing.,e.g.To sum up/summarize/conclude The main points In short In conclusion On the whole In sum In summary,Do the task on page 162.,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text A,2,English language for academic purpose,Formal English,Do Task 3 on page 162.,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Task 1 Text A draws on classification and definition to discuss the characteristics of power.Complete the following tree diagram about the characteristics of power according to the text.,Suggested answers,Asset vs.goal,Characteristics of power,Issue:Is power the more the better?,Power is an asset thatcan be applied to_.,Power is a goalas countries_sufficient power to_.,help countries,try to seek,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,achieve goals,pursue national goals,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Task 1 Text A draws on classification and definition to discuss the characteristics of power.Complete the following tree diagram about the characteristics of power according to the text.,Suggested answers,Hard power vs.soft power,Characteristics of power,Issue:_?,Hard power is tangible because it is easier toobserve _.,Soft power can bepotent point because ithas the ability to_.,the result,attract others,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Which is more desirable,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Task 2 Decide whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F)according to the text.,Suggested answers,1 In the end those who have the greatest hard power will gain the upper hand in any conflicts.2 Power is normally associated with being tough and hard.3 We can compare power to money because like money it can be used to obtain what we desire.4 The more power a country has,the better it will become.,F,T,T,F,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Task 2 Decide whether the following statements are true(T)or false(F)according to the text.,Suggested answers,5 Soft power can enable a country to have it her way.6 Realists do not believe in soft power.7 Iraqi war demonstrated soft power.8 President Bush does not believe in soft power.,T,T,F,T,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text A,Critical reading and thinking,Task 3 One kind of interpretation of power is that hard power is more concerned with economic and military might while soft power is more about values and culture.Work in pairs and discuss what the soft power of the following countries are.,Suggested answers,1 The U.S.:American fast food,high technology,Hollywood blockbusters 2 The U.K.:English literature,the royal family3 China:Chinese traditions and culture,Confucius Institute,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Task 1 Specialized vocabulary,Match the words and expressions in Column A with their definitions in Column B.,f,a,c,g,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Task 1 Specialized vocabulary,Match the words and expressions in Column A with their definitions in Column B.,e,d,h,b,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Task 2 Signpost language,2,Translate the following sentences into English using the expressions in the above box.,To conclude,I wish the summit a complete success.,We hope,in short,to bring theory and practice together.,To sum up/to summarise/in summary/there is no clear,1 总之，这个案件没有确凿的证据。_2 最后，我预祝峰会圆满成功。_3 简而言之，我们希望能将理论与实践结合起来。_,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,evidence of this case.,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Task 2 Signpost language,2,Translate the following sentences into English using the expressions in the above box.,On the whole,it has been a successful year.,Now,let me recap the main points.,4 总的来说，这是成功的一年。_5 现在我总结一下要点。_,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Task 3 Formal English,2,Replace the underlined words and expressions in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.,1 When the goals and interest of states conflict,which side will gain control is often decided by who has the most power.key:2 Power in common usage carries the meaning of“hit-over-the-head”or“make you”capabilities key:3 Power can be based on positive persuasion as well as negative coercion.In fact,power has many forms.key:4 Military muscle,wealth,and some others are fairly obvious and easy to feel.key:,prevail,connotation,Indeed,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,tangible,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Task 3 Formal English,2,Replace the underlined words and expressions in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.,5 We seek to acquire money and to build up a reserve against both anticipated needs and something that might happen unexpectedly.key:6 The fact that power has two sides,both as an asset and a goal creates a debate over whether more is always better.key:7 Other countries admiring its values,imitating its example,aspiring to its level of prosperity and openness want to follow it.key:8 Countries follow other countries lead because they share the same interests,not because of altruistic feelings such as admiration.key:,contingencies,duality of power,emulating,sentiments,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text B,Critical reading Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text B,Critical thinking and reading,What is smart power?the combination of hard and soft power,Text Analysis,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text B,Critical thinking and reading,Serious decline in American attractiveness in Europe,Latin America and the Islamic world.(Find examples in Paras.3-6.)Robert Gates suggestion:commit more money and effort to soft-power tools,because military alone cannot defend U.S.interests.,Text Analysis,American soft power is in decline.,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text B,Critical thinking and reading,Can U.S.reclaim“smart power”?The authors view:Yes,America can become a smart America by again investing in global public goods,providing things people and governments of the world want.(Paras.9-11),Text Analysis,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Refer to Text C on page 168 and get more information about hard power and soft power.,Text B,Difficult sentences,The effects of the 9/11 terrorist attacks threw America off course.(Para.8),The terrible suffering of the 9/11 terrorist attacks took Americans by surprise.,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Style also matters.(Para.10),The way how things are done also matters.,Text B,Critical reading and thinking,Suggested answers,Task 1 Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.,1 According to the text,what is smart power?2 How is smart power different from soft power and hard power?,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text B,Critical reading and thinking,Suggested answers,Task 2 Work in pairs.Compare Text A with Text B and see how you might answer the above questions for each text.Decide which one has a more neutral tone.,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Reading criticallyEvery text is written for a purpose,some are supposed to make you believe.It is important to learn to read critically to get the point.One way of training critical reading is to ask yourself the following questions:What is the author trying to prove?What is the author assuming I will agree with?Do I agree with the author?Does the author adequately defend his or her argument?What kind of proof does the author use?Is there something the author leaves out that I would put in?Does putting it in hurt the authors argument?,Text B,Researching,Suggested answers,Task The American dream used to reflect the soft power of the country.With the rise of China,some foreign media began to talk about a“Chinese dream”.Conduct a survey on the campus about the Chinese dream.You may ask:,1 Have you ever heard of a“Chinese dream”?2 If so,where did you hear it?If not,what do you think a Chinese dream refers to?3 How is the Chinese dream compared with the American dream?Analyze the results and report your findings to the class.,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text C,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Text B,Suggested answers,Task Translate Paragraph 1 of Text C into Chinese,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,在今天的发达民主政权，国家实力不再像过去那样刚性，那样有威慑力。同时今天世界上很多地方还不是发达民主政权，这就局限了全球权力的转型变革。比如有些国家还是工业化之前那种农业经济，只有弱化的公共机构，以及集权统治者。有些失败国家成了暴力的温床。还有些国家正在工业化，因此可能经历当年西方类似的国家在20世纪初类似的发展阶段经历过的那些失调、混乱。在这样一个多样化的世界，国家实力的三种来源军事、经济，和软实力都重要，当然这三种来源在不同关系中地位不同。不管怎样，如果现今由信息革命带来的经济和社会发展趋势继续下去，软实力一定会在各方作用中变得越来越重要。,Listening,Cornell note-taking system Listening tasks,Unit 8Hard Power,Soft Power,Smart Power,Listening,Academic activities,Read the strategies and do the tasks o