宁大教学心电图PPT.ppt
心电图学教程(3)Electrocardiogram teaching course,宁波市医疗中心李惠利医院心内科,(五)心肌缺血、损伤和梗死myocardial ischemia,injury and infarction,返回,绝大多数心肌缺血、损伤和梗死系由冠状动脉粥样硬化所引起,除临床表现外,心电图的特征性改变及其演变规律是确定诊断和估计病情的主要依据。心肌缺血、损伤和梗死发生后,随着时间的推移在心电图上可先后出现相应的心电图改变。当一个区域的心肌发生缺血时,从中心到其边缘区域缺血的程度是不同的,也可在不同部位同时出现上述三种图形改变。,(五)心肌缺血、损伤和梗死myocardial ischemia,injury and infarction,冠状循环 coronary circulation正常与异常冠状动脉造影normal and abnormal coronary artery angiography心肌缺血 myocardial ischemia心肌损伤 myocardial injury心肌梗死 myocardial infarction,冠状循环,窦房结支,右冠状动脉,右室前支,右房支,右缘支,左房支,左旋动脉,左冠状动脉前降支,左缘支,左室间隔支,左室前支,(前面观),coronary circulation,S-A node B.,R.coronary A.,anterior right ventricular B.,R.atrial B.,R.marginate B.,L.atrial B.,L.circumflex A.,L.deseending B.of L.coronary A.,L.marginate B.,L.interventricular septal B.,anterior L.ventricular B.,(anterior aspect),冠状循环,左旋支,(后面观),房室结支,左室后支,室间隔支,冠状窦,右冠状动脉,后室间支,右室后支,coronary circulation,L.circumflex B.,A-V.node B.,posterior leftventricular B.,interventricular septal B.,sinus coronary,R.coronary A.,posterior interventricular B.,posterior R.ventricular B.,(posterior aspect),返回,正常与异常冠状动脉造影normal and abnormal coronary artery angiography,返回,右冠状动脉的分布right coronary artery distribution(LAOV),冠状动脉导管(coronary catheter)右室支(right ventricular branch)房室结支(A-V node artery)后降支(posterior descending artery)后室支(posterior ventricular artery),右冠状动脉的分布right coronary artery distribution(RAOV),冠状动脉导管(coronary catheter)右室支(right ventricular branch)后降支(posterior descending artery),左冠状动脉的分布left coronary artery distribution(LAOV),左冠状动脉主干(L.main artery)左前降支(L.anterior descending A.)旋支(circumflex A.)斜角支(diagonal branches)左缘支(obtuse merginal branch),左冠状动脉的分布left coronary artery distribution(RAOV),左冠状动脉主干(L.main artery)左前降支(L.anterior descending A.)间隔支(septal branches)旋支(circumflex A.)左缘支(obtuse merginal branch),右冠状动脉狭窄right coronary artery stenosis,可引起左心室膈面、后间隔和右心室梗死,并可累及窦房结和房室结,右冠状动脉病变right coronary artery disease(LAOV),冠状动脉导管(coronary catheter)右冠状动脉完全狭窄(complex stenosis in the R.C.A.)后降支(posterior descending artery),右冠状动脉病变right coronary artery disease(RAOV),冠状动脉导管(coronary catheter)右冠状动脉完全狭窄(complex stenosis in the R.C.A.)右室支(right ventricular branch)后降支(posterior descending artery),左冠状动脉主干狭窄left main coronary artery stenosis,可引起左心室广泛心肌梗死,左主冠状动脉病变left main coronary artery disease(RAOV),左冠状动脉主干狭窄(stenosis in the L.main A.)旋支(circumflex arterg)左前降支(L.anterior descending A.)左缘支(obtuse marginal branch),左冠状动脉前降支狭窄left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis,可引起左心室前壁、心尖部、下侧壁、前间隔和二尖瓣前乳头肌梗死,左前降支病变left auterior descending coronary artery disease(RAOV),左前降支狭窄(stenosis in L.anterior descending A.)旋支(circumflex arterg)左缘支(obtuse marginal branch),冠状动脉左旋支狭窄left circumflex coronary artery stenosis,可引起左心室高侧壁、膈面和左心房梗死,可能累及房室结,冠状动脉左旋支病变desease of theleft circumflex coronary artery(RAOV),冠状动脉导管(coronary catheter)左冠状动脉主干(L.main A.)左前降支(L.axterior descending A.)冠状动脉左旋支狭窄(stenosis in circumflex A.)0,冠状动脉与心电图导联coronary circulation and related ECG leads,返回,心肌缺血 myocardial ischemia,当心室肌发生缺血时,即将影响心室复极的正常进行,从而产生ST-T心电向量的改变。在正常情况下,心室的复极过程是从心外膜开始而向心内膜方向推进的。在心肌缺血时,大致可出现两种类型的心电图改变。,返回,心内膜面下心肌缺血subendomyocardial ischemia,由于缺血部分心肌的复极较正常时更为推迟,在最后的心肌复极时,已无其它与之相抗衡的心电向量存在,使心内膜部分心肌的复极显得十分突出,在面向缺血区的导联出现与QRS主波一致的,高耸的对称性T波。,缺血区,透壁心肌缺血transmural myocardial ischemia,由于心肌复极顺序的逆转,心肌复极由心内膜开始而后向心外膜方向推进,从而面对缺血区的导联出现与QRS主波方向相反的,对称性的T波。,缺血区,心肌缺血 myocardial ischemia,心肌缺血时,除发生T波改变外,还主要表现为ST段的改变或T波和ST段的同时改变。心电图特征 ST段呈水平型或下垂型下移和J点下移,下移的ST段与R波的夹角90o,J,心肌缺血 myocardial ischemia,上述STT波改变只是非特异性的心肌复极异常的共同表现,亦可见于冠状动脉供血不足、心绞痛或慢性冠状动脉供血不足,心肌炎,心肌病或其它各种器质性心脏病等。也可见于电解质紊乱和药物的影响,应根据临床予以鉴别诊断。,运动试验 exercise electrocardiographic stress testing,运动前各导联ST段及T波基本正常,V1 V2V3,aVRaVLaVF,V4 V5V6,运动试验 exercise electrocardiographic stress testing,运动后 运动试验阳性就是在运动后,心电图出现ST波和T波的缺血性改变,提示冠状动脉血供不足。,V1 V2V3,aVRaVLaVF,V4 V5V6,返回,心肌损伤 myocardial injury,随着缺血时间进一步延长,缺血程度进一步加重,而出现心肌损伤,ST段向量从正常心肌指向损伤心肌。心电图特征主要为ST段的偏移。心内膜面或对侧心肌损伤时,面向损伤区导联的S-T段平直压低;心外膜面心肌损伤时,面向损伤区导联的S-T段抬高。,返回,心肌梗死 myocardial infarction,更进一步的缺血可导致心肌细胞的变性、坏死,并影响其一系列的修复过程。坏死的心肌细胞不能复极,亦不能产生动作电流,因此其综合心电向量背离梗死区,其正向量减少或消失。,返回,心肌梗死 myocardial infarction,心电图特征1.在R波向量本来就偏小的导联(V1、V2、V3),呈QS波;2.在原来呈负向波Q的导联,Q波增宽(0.04sec);3.R波减小(Q/R 1/4)。,Q1/4 R,Q0.04sec,心肌梗死 myocardial infarction,心肌缺血、损伤和梗死的演变过程in process of myocardial ischemia,injury and infarction心肌梗死的演变过程in process of myocardial infarctionQ波型心肌梗死 Q-wave infarction非Q波型心肌梗死 non-Q-wave infarction心肌梗死的定位 localization of myocardial infarction,心肌缺血、损伤和梗死的演变过程in process of myocardial ischemia,injury and infarction,心肌损伤,心肌梗死,心肌梗死,近期,陈旧,急性,急性,心肌缺血,单击左图,请结合下列心电图观察演变过程,返回,心肌梗死的演变过程in process of myocardial infarction,变化曲线,ST段,急性期(数开至数周),近期(数月),阵旧期(数年),Q波,T波,早期(数分至数小时),ECG波形,返回,心肌梗死 myocardial infarction,在心肌缺血、损伤和梗死三种心电图改变中,缺血性T波改变常见,而损伤性ST改变少见,但只有出现典型的心肌坏死时方认为心肌梗死较为可靠的诊断依据。若上述三种改变同时存在,则诊断心肌梗死的可靠性就较大。,心肌梗死 myocardial infarction,心肌梗死除具有特征性图形改变外,其图形的演变亦具有一定特异性和规律性,部分患者可结合临床表现确诊。而部分患者必须结合实验室检查结果,动态观察心电图后明确。,返回,心肌梗死根据其临床表现和心电图改变可分为Q波型心肌梗死和非Q波型心肌梗死两类。,Q波型心肌梗死的图形演变过程,Qr型,A.梗死前 B.梗死发生(min-h),QS型,C.梗死发生 D.梗死发生(h-1day)(1week),返回,Q波型心肌梗死 Q-wave infarction,急性广泛前壁心肌梗死acute anterior wall infarction急性后下壁心肌梗死acute post-inferior wall infarction急性下壁心肌梗死acute inferior wall infarction急性前壁心肌梗死acute anterior wall infarction,急性广泛前壁心肌梗死acute anterior wall infarction,V1 V2,V4 V6,V1V6均可见病理性Q波,以及ST段和T波的改变,提示有广泛前壁心肌梗死。,急性后下壁心肌梗死acute post-inferior wall infarction,A.急性心肌梗死发生后1h,aVF,V1 V2V3V5,返回,急性后下壁心肌梗死acute post-inferior wall infarction,B.心肌梗死发生后24h,aVF,V1 V2V3V5,急性后下壁心肌梗死acute post-inferior wall infarction,C.心肌梗死发生后3w,aVF,V1 V2V3V5,返回,急性下壁心肌梗死acute inferior wall infarction,A.急性心肌梗死发生后1h,aVF,V1 V2V3V5,返回,急性下壁心肌梗死acute inferior wall infarction,B.心肌梗死发生后24h,aVF,V1 V2V3V5,急性下壁心肌梗死acute inferior wall infarction,C.心肌梗死发生后3w,aVF,V1 V2V3V5,返回,急性前壁心肌梗死acute anterior wall infarction,A.急性心肌梗死发生后1h,V1 V2V3V5,返回,急性前壁心肌梗死acute anterior wall infarction,B.心肌梗死发生后24h,V1 V2V3V5,急性前壁心肌梗死acute anterior wall infarction,C.心肌梗死发生后10d,V1 V2V3V5,返回,非Q波型心肌梗死的图形演变过程,正常 心肌梗死,V4 V4V4,心电图改变,ST段压低ST segment depression出现深而对称的负向的T波appearance of deep symmetrical negative T wavesR波降低(和T波倒置)reduction of R wave voltage(and T wave inversion),返回,非Q波型心肌梗死 non-Q-wave infarction,A.急性心肌梗死发生后1h,V1 V2V4V5V6,非Q波型心肌梗死 non-Q-wave infarction,B.心肌梗死发生后24h,V1 V2V4V5V6,非Q波型心肌梗死 non-Q-wave infarction,C.心肌梗死发生后1w,V1 V2V4V5V6,非Q波型心肌梗死 non-Q-wave infarction,A.急性心肌梗死发生前,V1 V2V4V6,非Q波型心肌梗死non-Q-wave infarction,B.心肌梗死发生后1h,V1 V2V4V6,非Q波型心肌梗死 non-Q-wave infarction,C.心肌梗死发生后3w,V1 V2V4V6,返回,ST段抬高的心梗和非ST 段抬高的心梗,心肌梗死的定位localization of myocardial infarction,心肌梗死发生的部位多与冠状动脉分支的供血区域相关。临床上常按心肌梗死图形出现的导联而作出梗死部位的定位判断。,返回,心肌梗死的定位localization of myocardial infarction,前间隔梗死:V1V3出现坏死型Q波,V1 V2V3,心肌梗死的定位localization of myocardial infarction,前侧壁梗死:V5V6、出现坏死型Q波,V5V6,心肌梗死的定位localization of myocardial infarction,广泛前壁梗死:V1V6、I、aVL出现坏死型Q波,aVL,心肌梗死的定位localization of myocardial infarction,广泛前壁梗死:I、aVL、V1V6出现坏死型Q波,V1 V3V5,心肌梗死的定位localization of myocardial infarction,下壁梗死:、aVF出现坏死型Q波,aVF,心肌梗死的定位localization of myocardial infarction,aVF,后下壁梗死:、aVF出现坏死型Q波,V1V3出现反常R波增高,心肌梗死的定位localization of myocardial infarction,后下壁梗死:、aVF出现坏死型Q波,V1V3出现反常R波增高,V1 V2V3,返回,(六)电解质与心电图 electrolytes and the ECG,返回,高钾血症与低钾血症hyperkalaemia and hypokalaemia,4.05.5mmol/L,5.5mmol/L,3.5mmol/L,7.5mmol/L,高钾血症与低钾血症hyperkalaemia and hypokalaemia,体液的钾浓度与心肌的应激性呈负相关。血钾浓度增高对心肌有抑制作用,心律缓慢,出现心律失常如室性早搏、房室传导阻滞、心室颤动以至心搏骤停于舒张期。血钾浓度过低亦可产生心律失常,早期出现心率增快,房性或室性早搏,以后出现多源性或室心动过速,严重者出现心室扑动、心室颤动,以至心搏骤停于收缩期。,高钾血症 hyperkalaemia,血钾5.5mmol/L时,T波高耸而尖,基底较窄。,V5 V6,V3 V4,V1 V2,aVRaVL aVF,高钾血症 hyperkalaemia,血钾7.58.0mmol/L时,P波消失,QRS波变形;血钾达10mmol/L时,QRS波增宽。,室性心动过速 ventricular tachycardia,高钾血症 hyperkalaemia,血钾进一步升高,ST段与T波融合,T波增宽,与QRS波形正弦波。最后出现心室纤颤。,室性心动过速心室纤颤ventricular tachycardia ventricular fibrillation,低钾血症 hypokalaemia,血钾3.0mmol/L时,可出现心动过速,T波平坦、倒置,出现u波或u波明显,ST段下降。血钾进一步降低,可出现多源性或室性心动过速;严重者亦可出现心室扑动或颤动,心跳骤停。,aVR aVL aVF,V1 V3 V5 V6,高钙血症 hypercalcemia,血钙浓度3.0mmol/L时,可出现ST间期缩短。,V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6,低钙血症 hypocalcemia,血钙浓度2.0mmol/L时,可出现QT间期延长。,V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6,高钾血症与低钙血症hyperkalaemia and hypocalcemia,V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6,此病例血钾浓度6.0mmol/L,血钙浓度1.5mmol/L,出现Q-T间期延长和高耸的T波。此种心电图常见于慢性肾功能衰竭者。,返回,(七)洋地黄与心电图 digitalis and the ECG,返回,洋地黄作用digitalis effects,在R波直立的导联可见T波倒置,ST段斜行压低呈鱼钩状,QT间期缩短,PR段可延长至0.25sec。,V5,洋地黄中毒digitalis intoxication,洋地黄中毒可引起各种心律失常,包括窦性心动过缓、室性早搏、窦房阻滞、房室传导阻滞以及室速和室颤。,返回,