大学英语四级写作类型与结构分析.ppt

大学英语四级写作,一、考核目的考核学生用英语进行书面表达的初步能力二、考核要求1.时间：30分钟2.字数：120词以上，180词一下3.题型：1）对比选择型2）原因解释型3）利弊分析型4）问题解决型5）记叙文6）应用文,1作文题满分为15分。阅卷标准共人为五等：2分，5分，8分，11分及14分。2分-条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分-基本切题，表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重错误。8分-基本切题，表达思想比清楚，文字尚连贯，但语言错误较多。11分-切题，表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分-切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯较好，基本上无语言错误。阅卷人员根根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为某一分数文件次（如8分）相似，即定为（8分）；若认为稍优或劣于该档次，则可加一分（9分）或减一分（7分），但不得加减半分。字数不足应酌情扣分：,注：1、如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句，均不得记入所写字数。2、只写一段者：04分，只写两段者：09分（指规定三段的作文）3、白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给零分。2.设作文最低分，采用下列成绩计算方法：1）作文分为0分者，总分即使高于60分，一律作不及格处理；2）作文分大于 0 分小于 6 分者，按下 列方式计算成绩：最后报道分=原计算总分 6+作文实得分,三、评分标准：,二、全文(议论文)基本结构：,第二部分 四级作文的结构,Key to SuccessIn such a competitive society,everyone has a strong desire to be successful and in his life.But how to achieve success?In my opinion,there are three main keys a clear objective,strong willpower and diligence.First,it is very important to set up a goal before you start.No one can be successful without a goal in his mind.Besides,you need a strong willpower to keep you go ahead.There always are tough stones in every road to success.Whether you can go through it depends on whether you are persistent enough.Last but not least,everyone who wants to succeed should be diligent.There is and old saying,“No pains,no gains.”Most successful people owe their success to hard working,such as Einstein.In conclusion,if we want to be successful,we have to master the three main keys mentioned above.There is no shortcut to success.The three keys will assure you to realize your beautiful dream.,1.主题句主题句表明全段是关于什么及讨论什么的段落中心句，即：明确地表示全段要展开的中心点,四级短文写作中最好是把主题句放在段首。2.扩展句扩展句是用来说明，解释，引申，或论证主题句所表达的中心思想的句子。3.结尾句结尾句是用一句话对段落的主题进行重述,评论,或总结,借以强化主题,加深读者的印象.It is not difficult to make a right choice between buying a house in the low-rise area and buying one in the high-rise area(主题句).If we want to economize and get more personal area,we can choose the low-rise;but if we want to live more comfortably,we will choose the high-rise(扩展句).In a word,the key lies in the alternative of economy and comfort(结尾句).,一、四级作文的段落基本结构：,第三部分 常见的错误和问题注意方面：1切题 2结构（三段式）3落题快（主题句在每段句首，不要绕圈）4长度（120150字，卷面第二页中间或到三分之二处，不要过多）,语言方面须注意的问题：1题目的大写An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident It Pays to Be Honest How to Succeed in a Job Interview2句子错误1）语态时态不正确I read the passage carefully and several mistakes were found.(语态不一致)I read the passage carefully and found several mistakes.I am very grateful if you could help me with this problem.(时态不一致)I will be very grateful if you could help me with this problem.2）主谓不一致He like playing football very much.He likes playing football very much.3）中式英语My English has made great progress.I have made great progress in English.Work makes me feel satisfied.Work is a source of satisfaction to me.4)结构不完整Although had many difficulties in studying English,I finally passed the exam.Although I had many difficulties in studying English,I finally passed the exam.,Suppose you have two options upon graduation,2016年12月CET4作文题,对比观点/原因解释题型/利弊分析,One is to take a job in a company and the other to go to a graduate school.,One is to work in a state-owned business and the other in joint venture.,One is to find a job somewhere and the other to start a business of your own.,You are to make a decision.Write an essay to explain the reasons for your decision.,对比开头,Take a job in a company v.s go to a graduate school,Upon graduation,some of my classmates will further their education at a graduate school,but I will choose to take up a job immediately.A graduate education does have its advantages.Armed with more knowledge,you may survive better in the context of a knowledge-driven economy.Nevertheless,对比开头,work in a state-owned business v.s work in a joint venture,After graduation,I prefer to work at a state-owned enterprise(SOE)instead of a sino-foreign joint venture or a wholly foreign-owned company.It is true that a joint venture once offered many advantages.In their early stages,they did enjoy preferential policies such as tax cuts or even tax exemptions,thus allowing their employees to earn salaries higher than those at SOEs.But now foreign companies are entitled to only“national treatment”the same as our domestic companies are.On the other hand,对比开头,find a job somewhere v.s start a business of your own,While most students will try to land a job in a company,in a government agency,or at a school,I would prefer to start a business of my own.It is true that a stable job offers you some benefits.For example,you dont have to shoulder the heavy responsibility of making overall arrangements for the company,and you have a stable income,modest as it may be.However,开门见山，点明观点。小分句铺陈要讨论的问题。退一步，阐述二选一中另一项的优势。话锋一转，绕回主题，陈述个人的原因。,开头前两段,We all know that/as we all knowThere is much discussion about/attention toThere are many arguments/opinions/views aboutNowadays/at presentMany people believe thatIt is generally believed that依我看来，我认为As far as I am concernedas for me/as I see itfrom my perspectivefor my part/personally speaking,开头句式,Select one heading among the three offered before and use the expressions in the last ppt to write your own heading(only the 1st paragraph)on this topic.,改写练习,一、开头常用语式(主题段的引入)A proverb saysAs the proverb saysSome people say thatMany people believe thatIt is generally believed thatWe all know that As we all know It is quite clear that Various views exist as to,butThere are many arguments/opinions/views about,There is much discussion about/attention to It is well known thatIt is said thatIt has been found thatIt is easy to see thatThe pie graph showsA recent survey providesThe chart/graph/table showsNo one can deny that Nowadays,.At present,原因解释型,2015年12月真题,You are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the saying,Never go out to see what happens;go out to make things happen.,Learning is a daily experience and a lifetime mission.,Listening is more important than talking.,Be Participants Rather than OnlookersAs a saying goes,“never just go out there to see what happens;go out there to make things really happen.”clearly,it encourages us to act instead of standing by with folded arms.I strongly support this point of view,and in real life we can find numerous examples to illustrate this point.,Observe the beginnings of model essays,The significance of Lifelong LearningWhen hearing the saying“Learning is a daily experience and a lifetime mission”we can easily perceive its connotation.Apparently,this saying can be naturally associated with the significance of lifelong learning.In our daily life,it is a common phenomenon for us to learn something for a variety of purposes.Meanwhile,a host of intelligent people are less likely to succeed if they havent kept the habit of lifelong learning.Taking a look around,we can notice a great many examples like this:,The significance of Lifelong LearningAnother version:Learning is a daily experience and a lifetime mission.This is a proverb full of logic.In other words,learning is significant in our whole life.Indeed,we can learn many things from it.If you understand it and apply it to your study or work,youll necessarily benefit a lot from it.There are many reasons which can explain this phenomenon and the following are the typical ones.,复述引言，简要解析引言主题选取角度（基本都是拥护），围绕主题阐释例子。,步骤：1.阐释现象/解释题意（举例）2.分析原因a,b,c3.指出利害（举例）/得出结论（解释、提出论点/某种现象）The reason are listed as follows:First,_(原因1).Additionally,_(原因2).Third,_(原因3)./For one thing,_(原因1).For another,_.(原因2)/For instance,_.(事例1)Another instance/A case in the point is that _(事例2)Therefore,/From the above examples,/In conclusion,/In short,/In a word(结论或建议),Writing model:,对比利弊型,For freshmen,the first lesson they attend in universities is military training.Write an essay entitled“Is military training necessary?”Some people think military training is very significant.Others think military training is not necessary.Your own views.,Is Military Training Necessary?In most college and universities,the first lesson for the freshmen is military training.As for this issue,different people have different views/peoples attitudes are various.The advocates hold the view that,with the basic military training,students will learn discipline,teamwork and patriotism.Their experience of cooperating with each other to solve a problem will inform them of the significance of cooperation,which is vital to their college study,even their future career.,Opening sentence,Thesis statement,Topic sentence 1,The protestors,however,argues that this is a great waste of the young peoples time.In todays China,the soldiers in the army can defend our country.Therefore,it is not necessary to force individuals to participate in military training,not to mention freshmen whose major task in college is study and who are hardly any use in real battle.I agree that this kind of training will never produce any qualified soldier in the war.Nevertheless,through hard and arduous training,the freshmen are transformed from naive teenagers into young adults.The spirits of unity,toughness and bravery will influence their life forever.,conclusion,Topic sentence 2,二、中间常用句式（扩展段的连接）通常按重要程度排列，我们习惯于先说最重要的，西方人则相反，但都得符合逻辑顺序。1表示“首先”first,firstly,first of all,to begin，但不可用 at first。2表示“第二”、“此外”“其次”、“况且”second,secondly,and,besides,moreover,additionally,furthermore,whats more,in addition,besides+名词短语，in addition to+名词短语，another+名词短语3表示“最后”finally,last,lastly,last but not least 最后但并非最不重要的是。但不可用at last 或 in the end。4表示“最重要的是”above all,most important of all5.表示“更严重的是”、“更糟糕的是”more serious,even worse,to make matter worse6.表示“最为严重的是”、“最糟糕的是”most serious of all,worst of all,二、中间常用句式（扩展段的连接）例如：1）First of all,论据1.More importantly,论据2.Most important of all,论据3.In summary,总结观点.2)The advantages can be listed as follows：First,好处1.Besides,好处2.Most important of all,好处3.But every coin has two sides.The negative aspects are also apparent.To begin with,坏处1.To make matter worse,坏处2.Worst of all,坏处3.From the above analysis,I believe 观点.3）For one thing,论据1.For another,论据2.Last but not the least,论据3.To conclude,总结观点或 From above,we can predict that 预测.4）First of all,论据1。Furthermore,论据2。Among all of the supporting evidences,one is the strongest.That is,论据3。A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点。或 From above,we can predict that 预测.,二、中间常用句式（扩展段的连接）其他词语或句式：1）用于强调：after all,any way,in fact,indeed,apparently,clearly,obviously,especially,2）用于对比：however,on one hand,on the other hand,in contrast,by contrast,on the contrary,while,whereas,instead,but,different from,3）用于比较：similarly,likewise,like,in the same way,4）用于列举：for example,for instance,such as,takefor granted,except(for)5）表示时间：later,then,next,finally,at last,eventually,meanwhile,after that,from now on,at the same time,for the time being,after some time,in the end,immediately,in the meantime,recently,soon,now and then,during,nowadays,presently,since,as soon as,afterwards,some time later,temporally,in the meanwhile,after a while,6）用于解释：in other words,as a matter of fact,that is,7)用于让步：although,in spite of,despite,even though,even if,though,no matter how8)用于结果：consequently,thus,as a result,as a consequence,hence,so,therefore,accordingly9)其他：not onlybut also,as far as I am concerned,when it comes to,in practice,in principle,another key aspect ofis,it is true that,what is more serious is,there is no doubt that,but it is a pity that,but the trouble/problem/point is,Nowadays,_(讨论主题)plays an important part in peoples life.Like everything else,_(讨论主题)has both favourable and unfavourable aspects.Generally,the advantages can be listed as follows.First,_(好处1).Besides,_(好处2).Most important of all,_(好处3).But every coin has two sides.The negative aspects are also apparent.To begin with,_(坏处1).To make matter worse,_(坏处2).Worst of all,_(坏处3).From the above analysis,I believe that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.Therefore,(结论)./I believe the management of _(主题)depend on(个人建议),Writing model:,问题解决型,How I Finance My College Education1.大学的费用（tuition and fees）可以通过各种途径解决；2.哪种途径适合我/我可以采取哪些方法解决我的大学费用问题。,Nowadays,tuition and fees for college are much higher than ever before.How to finance their college education has become a matter of concern for many students,especially those who from remote areas.In fact,there are many ways to solve this problem.Generally speaking,we can get most our tuition fees from our parents.If our family is shortage of money,we can apply for a loan especially set up for college students from some banks or from governments.Moreover,by taking a part time job in our spare time and summer or winter vacations,we can earn the money we need for dinners,textbooks and transportation fees.Last but not least,if we keep a wonderful academic records,we can even win scholarships from universities,which can largely ameliorate our living condition and relieve the burden of tuition and fees.,As far as I am concerned,I prefer to obtain most of my tuition from my parents but still take part-time jobs to improve my financial condition.On the one hand,I dont want to depend entirely on my parents,which may put them under great pressure.On the other hand,too busy working part-time may reduce my studying time and affect my academic performance.Therefore,a combination of these two methods can enrich my college life,encourage me to maintain my independence but still help me balance my life and study.,解决问题要讲究方法，可按时间先后，也可按轻重缓急等排列。基本模式为：（目前的现象及存在的问题）.Many ways can contribute to _（要解决的问题）,but the following ones may be most effective.First of all _(方法1).Besides,_(方法2).Finally,_(方法3).These are not the only three points you should pay attention to.But it should be noted that _(使用这些方法时要注意的事项)/(展望)/(总结上述三种方法).,三、结尾常用句式（终结段的连接）1表示“总之”、“总而言之”、“简言之”in conclusion,in summary,to conclude,to summarize,to sum up,in short,in brief,in a word,on the whole2“综上所述”from the foregoing,from what has been discussed above,from what has been mentioned above,from the above analysisObviously（此为过渡短语）,we can draw the conclusion thatThus,it can be concluded that,Therefore,we can find thatObviously,it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.Accordingly,I recommend that some measures be taken.Consequently,to solve the problem,some measures should be taken.,三、结尾常用句式（终结段的连接）例1 Vacation,Long or ShortOne the whole,either long or short vacation has its advantages and disadvantages.What matters is how to make use of it.例2Good Health1身体健康的重要性。2保持健康的途径。3我自己的实践。As for me,I like playing tennis in the morning.I also attach much importance to enough sleep and relaxation.I believe this will ensure my good health for the rest of my life.例3 Hope Project希望工程In my opinion,this project is of great importance to our country at the present time.And it also will have a profound effect on the future achievements of our country.I suggest that more work be done so that every child in the countryside can receive elementary education.练习：Is Failure a Bad ThingIn my opinion,failure is not a bad thing,the really bad thing is taking a failure as failure or even lose our heart after failure.,社会热点问题常用开头,一、图表作文常见出题形式图表作文一般在题目中给出作文的标题