语言学Morphology.ppt
Week 5,Morphology(7.words and word-formation processes;8.morphology),Processes/Types of word formation,CompoundingDerivation:adding affixes to other morphemesInvention/coiningConversion词类转换Backformation逆向构词法Clipping截短构词法Blending混成构词法Acronym首字母拼音法(缩略词)能按单一的词读音：TVInitialism首字母缩略词Abbreviation首字母的单独发音NATOBorrowingMultiple processes,The history of words:e.g.spoonerism From:You have hissed my mystery lectures.I saw you fight a liar in the back yard.In fact,you have tasted the whole worm.spangler,spanglerish,spanglerism;in Britain,hooverneologism,Compounding,A joining of to separate words to produce a single formFor example,bookcase,waterbed,Word-formation,Invention/CoinageMostly brand names:Kodak,Coke,nylon,Band-aid,Xerox,Lycra,Conversion词类转换,noun verb:He is papering the wall.Verb noun:a mustVerb adj:see-through materialAdj verb:to emptyAdj noun:a crazy,Back-formation:by removing the suffix to get a new worddiagnose diagnosis enthuse enthusiasm laze lazyliaise liaison reminisce reminiscence statistic statistics televise television,burgle,commentate,edit,peddle,scavenge,sculpt,swindleair-condition,babysit,brainstorm,brainwash,browbeat,dry-clean,house-hunt,housekeep,sightsee,tape-recordarticulate,assassinate,coeducate,demarcate,emote,intuit,legislate,marinate,orate,vaccinate,valuate,Blending:by combining two separate forms,taking the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another wordtransfer+resistortransistorsmoke+fogsmogmotorist+hotelmotelbreakfast+lunchbrunchmodulator+demodulatormodemdance+exercisedancerciseadvertisement+editorialadvertorialeducation+entertainmentedutainmentinformation+commercialinfomercial,Clipping,Parts of a word have been cut offBack-clippings:ad(vertisement),chimp(anzee),deli(catessen),exam(ination),hippo(potamus),lab(oratory),piano(forte),reg(ulation)sFore-clippings:(ham)burger,(omni)bus,(violin)cello,(heli)copter,(alli)gator,(tele)phone,(earth)quakeFore-and-aft clippings:(in)flu(enza),(de)tec(tive),Acronym:formed from the first letters of a series of wordsAIDS,Aids:Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeASAP:as soon as possibleCD-ROM:compact disc read-only memoryWASP:white Anglo-Saxon protestantdink(y):double income,no kidsnilk(y):no income,lots of kids,Initialism:formed by the first letters of a series of words,pronounced by saying each letter in themAI:artificial intelligencea.s.a.p.:as soon as possibleECU:European Currency UnitHIV:human immunodeficiency virusPC:personal computerPS:postscriptRSVP:rpondez sil vous plait(please reply in French),Borrowing,French:administration,parliament,public,court,crime,judge,army,enemy,officer,peace,soldier,war,faith,religion,coat,costume,dress,fashion,jewel,dinner,feast,fry,roast,supper,toast,customer,money,price,art,college,music,poet,prose,story,study,Latin:admit,client,conviction,discuss,equal,index,library,medicine,minorGreek:catastrophe,cosmos,criterion,idiosyncrasySpanish and Portuguese:banana,barbecue,cafeteria,cargo,chocolate,cigar,cocaine,cockroach,cocoa,guitar,mosquito,negro,potato,tank,tobacco,tomato,vanilla,Italian:aria,bandit,broccoli,casino,concerto,duet,finale,influenza,mafia,malaria,paparazzi(singular paparazzo),piano,pizza,solo,soprano,spaghetti,studio,umbrella,volcanoDutch:boss,brandy,cookie,cruise,deck,dock,dollar,freight,gin,kit,knapsack,landscape,luck,sketch,slim,smuggle,snap,trek,yacht,Arabic:admiral,alchemy,alcohol,algebra,alkali,almanac,assassin,candy,hazard,lemon,magazine,safari,sofa,zeroIndian:bungalow,cashmere,curry,ginger,jungle,mango,polo,pyjamas(or pajamas),shampoo,swastika,thug,yogaChinese:chow mein,ketchup(or catchup or catsup),kung fu,tea,tofu(via Japanese),typhoon,loan words,Loanwords:au pair,encore,coup detat,kungfu,sputnikLoanblendcoconut:coco(Spanish)+nut(English)Chinatown:China(Chinese)+town(English)Loanshiftbridge:meaning as a card game borrowed from Italian ponte,Loan translation,or calquefree verse L verse libreblack humor Fr humour noirfound object Fr objet trouv,Folk etymology:a popular but mistaken account of the origin of a word or phrase.history:Old French herstory,Fake etymology:a kind of folk etymologyManhattan:man with hat on MBA:married but availablePhD:perhaps have divorcedgolf:Gentlemen Only;Ladies Forbidden,Multiple processes,yuppie:hippie-yippie(youth international party)Many such forms have a very short life span,Homework,The word-formation processes in Chinese,Morphology:the study of word-formation,or the internal structure of words,or the rules by which words are formed from smaller components morphemes.Morphemes:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.,Types of morphemes,Free vs.Bound morphemes:Free morphemes:those that may constitute words by themselves,eg boy,girl,table,nation.Compounds consist of free morphemes,such as moonwalk,sunflower,etc.Bound morphemes:those that cannot occur alone,eg-s,-ed,dis-,un-.,Bound morpheme,Derivational morphemes:the morphemes that change the category or grammatical class of words:en-,-ize;or do not change grammatical class,as in macroeconomics,multimedia,brotherhood.Inflectional morphemes:the morphemes that are for the most part purely grammatical markers such as tense,number,case,aspect,etc,which never change their grammatical category(word class),-ed,-ing.,Inflection and derivation,Inflection:is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness(限定性，包括限定性finiteness和非限定性non-finiteness),aspect and case(格，领属关系),which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.Derivation:shows the relation between roots and affixes,which makes the word class of the original word either changed or unchanged,foolish,worker;nonsmoker,undo(Derivational affixes P.37-38),Root,stem,affix,Root:the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity(when all affixes are removed),eg friend as in unfriendliness.internationalismAll words contain a root morpheme.Roots may be free or boundfree:those that can stand by themselves,eg black+board;orbound:those that cannot stand by themselves,eg-ceive in receive,perceive,conceive.,Affix:the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.It is always bound morphemes.Normally divided into prefix(dis-,un-)and suffix(-en,-ify).Infix中缀:foot-feet,goose-geese,Stem:a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix may be added,eg friend+-s;write+-ing,possibility+-es.For example,friend-in friends(it is a root),and friendship-in friendships(it contains a root and a derivational affix)are both stems.,Grammatical words vs.lexical words,Also known as function words vs.content wordsGrammatical words:expressing grammatical meanings,such as conjunctions,prepositions,articles and pronounsLexical words:having lexical meanings referring to substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and adverbs.,Closed-class words vs.open-class words,Closed-class words are those whose membership is fixed or limited.New members are not regularly added;conjunctions,prepositions,articles and pronouns are closed items.Open-class words are those whose membership is infinite or unlimited.nouns,verbs,adjectives,and adverbs.,Word class,词类 Also:Parts of speechconjunctions,prepositions,articles,pronouns,nouns,verbs,adjectives,and adverbs.InterjectionParticles 小品词，如to,not,by(in phrasal verbs get by),Compounds复合词,The way to join two separate words to produce a single form,such as icecream,sunrise.Noun compounds(callgirl),verb compounds(brainwash),adj compounds(dutyfree),preposition compounds(throughout)The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.E.g.Kate found a red coat/Redcoat in her aunts closet.,
